Phytoremediation of groundwater contaminated with pesticides using short-rotation willow crops: A case study of an apple orchard
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Abstract:
The occurrence of pesticides in groundwater represents an important health issue, notably for population whose drinking water supply source is located in agricultural areas. However, few solutions have been considered with regard to this issue. We tested the efficacy of a vegetal filtering system made of shrub willows planted at a high density (16,000 plants ha(-1)) to filter or degrade pesticides found in the groundwater flowing out of an apple orchard. Ethylene urea (EU), ethylene thiourea (ETU), tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI), atrazine, and desethylatrazine were monitored in the soil solution in willow and control plots over one growing season. ETU and atrazine concentrations were lower in the willow plots relative to the control plots, whereas desethylatrazine concentration was higher in the willow plots. No significant difference was detected for EU and THPI. Furthermore, pesticide concentrations displayed complex temporal patterns. These results suggest that willow filter systems can filter or degrade pesticides, notably ETU and atrazine, and could be used for phytoremediation purposes. Yet, this potential remains to be quantified with further studies using experimental settings allowing more estimation in time and space.Keywords:
Orchard
Groundwater Pollution
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[Objective] The selectivity of beetle(Anoplophora glabripennis) for the different willow varieties was researched for the provision of a strong reference for the breeding and selection of willow variety with insect-resistance.[Method] The investigation of the willows damaged by beetles in some areas of Beijing and Hebei Province and the experiment in insects' damage in field and net house for the order that the beetle damaging the different host willow.[Results] Under the conditional condition of growth location,tree age and tree growth,the order of the different willow varieties(lines) damaged by the beetle was: Tao willow upland willow willow Mantou willow.It was indicated that the result from the insects' damage in net house test in its susceptible to beetle was met with the result from the natural condition.The damage of the beetle to willow was ultimately reflected in the number of surviving larvae overwintering and the greatest harm of larvae after its overwintering,which were analyzed according to three indicators: the number of surviving larvae overwintering,the number of egg-laying and the number of hatching larvae.The order of the resistance of six willow varieties(lines) to the insect was: willow,Mantou willow golden weeping willow,Nanjing willow fast-growing willow,upland willow.[Conclusion] The beetle caused the heaviest damage to fast-growing willow and lighter damage to willow and Mantou willow.
Overwintering
Leaf beetle
Salicaceae
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Snow willow is of high ornamental value and commercial value and has very strong survival adaptability.Its role in the landscape has become increasingly obvious,but snow willow is rarely found in Northeast China.Through the description of the attributes,growing environment and usage of snow willow,a view of lanting the southern willow in the north is presented and a brief summary and analysis of it is made.
Adaptability
Ornamental plant
Value (mathematics)
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The mining activity surrounding the historic Pb/Zn mine at Gyongyosoroszi (Hungary) causes heavy metal problems, being a potential risk for all organisms. One of the promising methods for cleaning of metal polluted soils is phytoremediation. Uptake and translocation of heavy metals by two selected plants, willow (Salix spp.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied at Gyongyosoroszi (Hungary), near to a lead/zinc mine, lower flooded area of Toka valley, where the soil is charged with high content of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu (>1000, >3000, >18 and >280 mg/kg, respectively). The increased uptake and translocation rate of Cd and Zn from root to shoot indicated that phytoextraction technology is possible, while high Cu and Pb concentrations in roots with low translocation rate suggested the phytostabilisation method. Uptake and translocation rate of metals were generally higher in willow than in rape. Based on our results, under the present ecological conditions willow is rather applicable for phytoremediation purposes.
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At least 47 km of riverbank in the UK has been protected by willow spiling during the last 20 years and willow spiling is now the most widely used willow-based method for erosion control in the UK. Long willow canes are woven around vertically driven willow poles and because structures are living, resistance to erosion increases over time. Willow spiling has, alongside its geotechnical stabilisation function, numerous ecological and economical benefits for river restoration, habitat enhancement and community engagement. In this review, we select eight critical factors to consider when applying the method, based upon previous research and practical experience, and we explore knowledge gained from nearly 140 UK willow spiling projects. Information on performance has been collected from 27 % of the projects. Of these, 59 % were very successful, 30 % involved partial failure and 11 % failed completely. Although extreme flooding or drought can cause failure, most of the failures could have been limited by a better understanding of the site conditions in relation to willow requirements, by correct installation, by using good quality willow and by carrying out prompt repairs. Reasons for failure are documented and discussed. The importance of monitoring and maintaining the site after construction is emphasised.
Erosion Control
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Abstract The applicability of the proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method to determination of the elemental composition of short-rotation willow is studied. The analysis samples were taken as a time series from different willow stands. The concentrations of 15 elements between aluminum and lead were determined, and the implications of certain correlations between two distinct groups of elements are considered. The elemental composition of gases from willow combustion was also tentatively measured by PIXE. Nutrient dynamics and growth of willow seedlings were in addition studied by this technique and a simple simulation model was developed to depict the nutrient dynamics in willow leaves.
Short rotation forestry
Salicaceae
Short rotation coppice
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At least 47 km of riverbank in the UK has been protected by willow spiling during the last 20 years and willow spiling is now the most widely used willow-based method for erosion control in the UK. Long willow canes are woven around vertically driven willow poles and because structures are living, resistance to erosion increases over time. Willow spiling has, alongside its geotechnical stabilisation function, numerous ecological and economical benefits for river restoration, habitat enhancement and community engagement. In this review, we select eight critical factors to consider when applying the method, based upon previous research and practical experience, and we explore knowledge gained from nearly 140 UK willow spiling projects. Information on performance has been collected from 27 % of the projects. Of these, 59 % were very successful, 30 % involved partial failure and 11 % failed completely. Although extreme flooding or drought can cause failure, most of the failures could have been limited by a better understanding of the site conditions in relation to willow requirements, by correct installation, by using good quality willow and by carrying out prompt repairs. Reasons for failure are documented and discussed. The importance of monitoring and maintaining the site after construction is emphasised.
Erosion Control
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Salix viminalis (Common Osier, Basket Willow, Energetic Willow) is a plant belonging to the SRWC group (Short Rotation Woody Crops) (Borjesson et al., 1994; Christersson & Sennerby-Forsse, 1994). Such a qualification points out possible applications resulting from a fast growth and annual yield of biomass. The woody stems of Salix viminalis can be cut frequently and serve as burnable biomass. Therefore Salix viminalis wood is often called a “green fuel”. In general, willows (genus Salix) are popular plants since more than 400 species occur in Nature (including Salix viminalis). Particularly, Northern Hemisphere is a natural region for different willow species bearing sometimes traditional and very unique names like Sageleaf Willow, Goat Willow, Pussy Willow, Coastal Plain Willow, Kimura, Grey Willow, Sand Dune Willow, Furry Willow, Heartleaf Willow, Del Norte Willow, American Willow, Drummond's Willow, Eastwood's Willow, Mountain Willow, Sierra Willow etc. The variety of willow species partly results from ease of hybrid formation by cross-fertile of particular Salix genotypes in a natural process and/or by planned cultivation. Table 1 contains systematic botanic classification of willows.
Salix viminalis
Salicaceae
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