Total Value of Phosphorus Recovery
Brooke K. MayerLawrence A. BakerTreavor H. BoyerPay DrechselJames GiffordMunir A. HanjraPrathap ParameswaranJared StoltzfusPaul WesterhoffBruce E. Rittmann
577
Citation
140
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Phosphorus (P) is a critical, geographically concentrated, nonrenewable resource necessary to support global food production. In excess (e.g., due to runoff or wastewater discharges), P is also a primary cause of eutrophication. To reconcile the simultaneous shortage and overabundance of P, lost P flows must be recovered and reused, alongside improvements in P-use efficiency. While this motivation is increasingly being recognized, little P recovery is practiced today, as recovered P generally cannot compete with the relatively low cost of mined P. Therefore, P is often captured to prevent its release into the environment without beneficial recovery and reuse. However, additional incentives for P recovery emerge when accounting for the total value of P recovery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the range of benefits of recovering P from waste streams, i.e., the total value of recovering P. This approach accounts for P products, as well as other assets that are associated with P and can be recovered in parallel, such as energy, nitrogen, metals and minerals, and water. Additionally, P recovery provides valuable services to society and the environment by protecting and improving environmental quality, enhancing efficiency of waste treatment facilities, and improving food security and social equity. The needs to make P recovery a reality are also discussed, including business models, bottlenecks, and policy and education strategies.Keywords:
Resource Recovery
Equity
Abstract Having Written A Book on the importance of incentives, and on getting those incentives right, it is easy for us to leave the impression that everyone believes that incentives are important. But we would be wrong if we did. There are analysts who have reached conclusions very different from ours on the basis of their studies of the effects of incentives on behavior. Our view is that people respond in predictable ways to incentives. If you want people to do more of something, you increase the payoff they receive from doing it. The payoff can take many different forms, but money is a common and extremely effective one.
Stochastic game
Cite
Citations (0)
Many higher vocational colleges have been seeking effective methods of teacher incentives,which actually have different levels.The use of different methods for different incentive groups can achieve better effects.There are three levels of incentive methods,namely,basic,special and invisible ones,the use of which,for different incentive groups,will inevitably bring about satisfying effects.
Incentive program
Cite
Citations (0)
Cite
Citations (1)
Simulation Modeling
Cite
Citations (38)
This paper investigates different theoretical models of incentives for teachers in education. It highlights key characteristics likely to render incentives successful in encouraging productive behaviour, provides evidence of where these systems have been successfully and unsuccessfully implemented internationally and the likelihood of successful implementation of teacher incentive programmes in South Africa.
Cite
Citations (5)
This article demonstrates that high-education administration must stick to the principles of fairness, combining target incentive, material incentive and spiritual incentive, and integrating internal incentive with external incentive. As far as the incentive methods are concerned, the staffs reasonable demand must be catered to, their thinking must be led to a better way and an environment full of incentives must be created.
Incentive program
Cite
Citations (0)
Dishonesty
Cite
Citations (6)
Abstract: The design of incentive systems is a central issue in the economics of organization. This paper argues that very often the ideal incentive systems to use within firms will involve low-powered incentives. Five particular circumstances leading to weak incentives being optimal are examined.
Cite
Citations (52)
The status and development tendency of recycle and reuse of auto material in auto industry at home and abroad are analyzed.Based on current domestic environment,a 3+1 model of recycle and reuse of auto material for the promoting of industrialization of recycle and reuse of auto material.
Auto industry
Industrialisation
Cite
Citations (0)
Objective To Learn the status of spirit incentive to TB prevention and control staff in the TB control work in China.Methods one district and one county in each province of Henan,and Gansu Zhejiang were selected as the survey fields.In-depth interviews were conducted with the TB prevention and control staff in the three provinces.Interview data were analyzed with thematic framework analysis method.Results The spirit incentives measures mainly include recognition incentives,training incentives,leadership incentives,goal incentives and so on.Most interviewees thought the effect of spirit incentives was important,but also had some limitations to improve.Conclusion The significant effect of the spirit incentives and conduct different spirit incentive measures should be recognized according different environments and different individuals.
Thematic Analysis
Incentive program
Cite
Citations (0)