The Study on the Structure of Avian Community and Species Diversity in Hohhot City in Spring
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During the spring of 2004,studies were conducted to investigate the community and species diversity of spring birds community in Hohhot which includes seven different urbanization level habitats. In total,32 species,which belong to 19 orders,9 families,were recorded. Based on the principles of community ecology,we evaluate and discuss structural characteristics by means of the Shannon-wiener index(H′),species evenness(J),richness index in spring bird community . The results indicated that: the diversity index and species evenness in park and nursery are the highest in seven typical habitats,on the contrary,the diversity index and species evenness in shopping center and traffic occupancy are lower than others.Keywords:
Diversity index
Global biodiversity
Occupancy
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In the summer and winter of 2004 and 2006,four typical avian communities(residential land,cultivated land,forestland,and wetland) were studied in Jiangxinzhou Alluvium.A total of 67 species belonging to 25 families out of 10 orders were recorded.The results based on the research of the principles of the avian community such as avian density(D),biomass(EB),Shannon-wiener index(H′),species evenness(J) and superiority(C) showed that the density,diversity and evenness of the winter avian community were higher than those of the summer community,but the superiority and the biomass of the former were lower than those of the latter.Different cases were found in different habitats: the highest avian density and diversity occurred in forestland,the highest superiority in residential land,the highest evenness in forestland in winter,but the highest evenness in residential land in summer.
Diversity index
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The avian of Tianjin were surveyed from 2002 to 2005,with the systematic sampling,line transect and point count methods.A total of 389 species representing 19 orders,68 families and 184 genera were recorded.Of the total species,203(52.19%) species distribute in the Palaeartic realm,42(10.79%) species in the Oriental realm and 144(37.02%) species distribute widely.There are 234 species(60.15%) of travelers,74 species(19.02%) of summer residents,55 species(14.14%) of residents and 26 species(6.68%) of winter residents.Based on the G-F diversity index,the highest avian diversity of 0.76 was in wetland,the lowest of 0.58 was in habitat city park,and the diversities in mountain and cultivated land were similar(0.75).The results showed that the distribution of species composition and diversity of avian was correlated to the characteristics of Tianjin environment.
Diversity index
Global biodiversity
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Bird surveys were carried out two to three times per season,and totally nine times,at Pingguoshan Park of Kaili City,Guizhou Province from June 2011 to May 2012.The diversity and seasonal dynamics of the bird in this park was analyzed for better understanding avian information.28 species were recorded,which belonged to 13 families and 3 orders.By comparing the biodiversity index(H′),evenness(J) and dominant index(C) among the four seasons,the results indicated that: the highest index of H′and J were 2.435 and 0.899 in spring,and the highest index of C was 0.158 in autumn,and the lowest index of H′,J and C were in winter.The similarity index of Jaccard of spring-winter avian communities was the highest(0.375),and the Bray-Curtis index of summer-winter avian communities was the highest(0.149).Migration and food are the main factors that affect the composition of avian communities at Pingguoshan Park.
Jaccard index
Diversity index
Seasonality
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The impact of different habitats and seasons on the community structure of birds was investigated by line transect method in Yongzhou,Hunan province from March in 2012 to February in 2013. The results showed that there were 121 species which belong to 9 orders and 33 families. Among of which,there were 26 summer visitors,59 residents,20 winter visitors and 16 passing migrants. Additionally,there were 85 breeding birds including 48 Oriental species( 56. 47%) in the study area. The resident birds were the dominant bird group in terms of bird abundance. The bird community structure of Yongzhou varied in seasons and two peaks of the species number and population abundance were observed in spring and autumn,and the lowest value was observed in winter. The highest Shannon-Wiener index( 2. 9901) and evenness index( 0.7245) were observed in spring. The highest total Shannon-Wiener index was observed in mountain shrub,followed by farmland,woodland,water area and village,and the highest evenness index was also observed in mountain shrub,followed by farmland,water area,woodland and village.
Diversity index
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Field survey on bird community was conducted by line transect method in Dazhangshan Mountain,Jiangxi Province from June,2009 to August,2010.Species diversity,evenness,dominance and the comparability index between different habitat communities were analyzed.Birds of 87 species were recorded in the zone,which belong to 13 orders,31 families.Among them 45 species are residents including 21 species of summer migrants,7 species of winter migrants and 5 species of migrant birds.Among them,6 species are listed as Rank Ⅱ species of the National protected species,22 species are listed as protected animals at provincial level.Of the total species,half of species distribute in the Oriental realm,28.2% occur species in the Palaearitic realm and 21.8% species in both.Pycnonotus sinensis and Lonchura striata were dominant speices in summer.In six typical communities,both Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index were ranked by broad-leaved forestfarmland and villageconiferous-broad leaved mixted forestghyll-valleyshrub-grasslandconiferous forest of bamboo grove.Pielou index was ranked by coniferous-broad mixted leaved forestghyll-valleybroad-leaved forestfarmland and villageshrub-grasslandconiferous forest of bamboo grove.Sorenson index between broad-leaved forests-coniferous-broad mixted forest leaved(S=0.48) was highest.Results indicated a new concern in local forest managements and bird conservation.
Dominance (genetics)
Diversity index
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The survey on urban bird community and diversity in main towns and 7 kinds of habitats of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(Fuling section) was conducted with the method of line transect census during July to August 2009.During 68 times survey,2 182 individuals of birds were recorded,belonging to 33 species,23 families and 7 orders.There are 27 species of profitable,economy and scientific research value birds protected nationally.The analysis about bird fauna suggested that the East-Asian Group species was dominant.10 species were widespread.The dominant species were Pycnonotus sinensis,Passer montanus,Acridotheres cristatellus,Hirundo daurica,Garrulax sannio.Diversity,evenness index and dominant extent of urban birds community were counted for 2.498 9,0.714 7and 0.117 1.The analysis on bird diversity of different habitats showed that ① the highest number of species,diversity index and evenness index of urban avian community were campus,and the lowest number of species and diversity were industrial estate,and the lowest evenness index was square and park;② the highest dominant extent was industrial estate,whose community was most instability,and campus was reverse;③ the highest similarity of bird community was between traffic virescence strips and residential area,and the lowest was between park and cropland.
Diversity index
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During July to August in 2003,the communities of the rodents were investigated in Tangjiahe Natural Reserve.A total of 220 individuals belonging to 15 species were captured with 5120 trap-days in different vegetation belts.We divided them into four communities and named them based on the dominant species,the habitats and the species components.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index,the evenness index and thc dominance index of each community were calculated respectively.The results showed that the diversity index and the evenness index were largest in the mid-altitude where there was mid-disturbance.The continuity of the habitat type and distribution of the species could be seen by calculating the similarity index.
Diversity index
Dominance (genetics)
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In Autumn of 2012,a survey on the avian community was conducted in Yunju Mountain of Yongxiu County,Jiangxi Province.The results showed that there were 41 species totally,which belonged to5 orders,i,e.21 families.Of these birds,Passeriformes and Ciconiiformes dominated in the proportions values of individual and species numbers.Pycnonotus sinensis was the most predominant in the whole avian community.The residents owned both the highest individual and species nos,respectively accounted to 94.4%and 88.0%of all birds.The whole avian species diversity and evenness indexes were 2.93 and 0.79 in the investigated area,respectively.The coniferous forest bird community had the highest value of species diversity(2.63),while the shrub community owned highest evenness(0.87)in all 5different habitats.In total,the level of productivity of habitat largely determined the distribution characteristics of birds in different habitats.Meanwhile,the habitat similarity determined the similar degree of the composition of avian communities in Yunju Mountain.
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Line transects and netting sampling methods were used to investigate avian resources in Dazhanhe Nature Reserve. Species diversity,evenness and the comparability index between different habitat communities were calculated. There were 203 avian species in Dazhanhe Nature Reserve,of which 92 Asseriformes species and 110 non-Asseriformes species were found,and composed mainly of Muscicapidae,Anatidae and Scolopacidae. Birds of the Palaearctic realm represented a higher proportion(65.52%) of avian species in Dazhanhe nature reserve,common species were less(30.54%) and little from Oriental realm(3.94%) were represented. For species diversity index of the four communities,the rank was wetlandforestscroplandresidents,the evenness index was ranked by wetlandforestscroplandresidents;the comparability index was ranked by residents-cropland(S=0.25) wetland-forests(S=0.23) wetland-cropland(S=0.14) residents-forests(S=0.07) .
Diversity index
Guild
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The zone of the communities of the grassland in the Bird island of the Qinghai Lake were selected.Total 180 plots were investigated by sampling method.Based on the plot data,the community characteristics were analyzed with species composition,flora feature,and so on.The species composition of the community was simple.There were 63 species,grouped into 43 genus and 19 families.The genus of The North Temperate was absolutely dominate.The species diversity index was different horizontaly and vertically.Plant species diversity was the lowest in the middle of height.Species diversity of plant community increased from shore to high land.In the grassland of the Bird island,there were four functional groups:grasses,legumes,nonlegumious forbs and shrubs.The correlation of the diversity,the evenness and the richness between the species level and the function level was 0.279,0.436, and 0.019.There was an apparent difference between the functional group community diversity and the species community diversity.
Diversity index
Gamma diversity
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