The Evolution of the Schools of Political Thought in the Qin and Han Dynasties
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Abstract:
Zhuangzis “Under the Heaven”, SIMA Tans “The Summary of Six Faimilies” and BAN Gus “Han Book History of Yiwen” are the most representative of all historical accounts of schools of political thought made by the scholars in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty. They all claimed that the schools of thought were on the same level and had the same background and aim. They evolved out of and replaced one after another. The Legalist was the orthodox political thought in the Qin Dynasty, and Taoism in the primary stage of the Han, and Confucius in the middle stage of the Han. The three were replaced one by one, and they all made contributions to that period.Keywords:
Heaven
Taoism
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Chinese philosophy
History of China
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At the turn of the Han and the Jin Dynasties, there was speedy development of the Taoist school. It can be divided into four stages. The first was in the late Eastern Han Dynasty in which the school got rid of the yoke and gained its revival. The second was in the period of Zhengshi (during Three Kindom Period) in which the thought of Laozi further developed. The third was at the turn of the Wei and the Western Jin Dynasties when the philosophy of Zhuangzi became very popular. The fourth was during the Eastern Jin Dynasty when the Taoism penetrated more deeply into the religion and the social life. In this period, the school offered the theoretic foundation for the maturity of Taoist Religion and provided the opportunity and theoretic support for the sinification of Buddhism. It played a significant role in the evolution of the political thought, the philosophy, the aesthetics and the manorial economy.
Taoism
Six Dynasties
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Chinese philosophy
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In the period betweenWaring Time and early Qin Han dynasties of ancient China, the Mohist school declined from the peak of propriety, which not only had great influence on the contemporary society, but also formed a thinking system, on behalf of the small producers with the orientati on of its academic thinking. From Han dynasty to late Ming dynasty and early Qin dynasty, the Mohist school has developed into a state of subconsciousness in up per class,its influence was embodied by some special layers and carriers.While the majority of his thought had soaked into the lower class. The mohism gether with Confucianism, portrayed the ideal personality pattern and values of Chinese nation and played an important role in history.
Mohism
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Chinese philosophy
History of China
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Although the theoretical system of Confucianism had matured during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,it didn't gain the position in official politics and philosophy for its impracticability. The unification of Qin State had provided an opportunity for Confucianism 's historical status. With time passing,Confucianism had become the part of official politics and philosophy in the Qin Dynasty,ascending to the dominant position during Emperor Wu's reign.
Emperor
Reign
Unification
Chinese philosophy
Position (finance)
Legalism (Western philosophy)
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Shi has been introduced from Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.In both dynasties,there has been much citation of it in the order and report of the emperors and officials.Thus two schools appeared in the defined period with Xi'an as the center of Western Han Dynasty and Luoyang the center of Eastern Han Dynasty.The two centers have demonstrated different styles of citation both in the amount and the features of application owing to their different historical periods and different development of social politics,economics and ideological trends,which have reflected developmental changes and historical features of Shi.These differences have manifested the development and completion of the combination of classicality and historicity of Shi and have been the perfect integration of the political citation of Shi in the Chun Qiu period and the textual citation in the Warring States Period.
Historicity (philosophy)
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Center (category theory)
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The period from the Kingdom of Wei,Jin Dynasty to Southern and Northern Dynasties was noticeable for the ethic fusion in Chinese history,during which while metaphysics is prevailing in two Jin Dynasties and Southern Dynasty,Confucianism was exceeding prevalent in Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasty.From the mid-later stage of Sixteen Kingdoms,the rulers from the Northern Barbarian tribes,such as Fu Jian from pre-Qin Dynasty and Yao Xing from post-Qin Dynasty,learned a lot of country-governing principles from Han rulers after Han,Wei and Jin Dynasties,which characterized as Han culture that centered to worshiping Confucianism and vitalizing education.It not only enormously promoted the political,economic and cultural developments of pre-Qin Dynasty and post-Qin Dynasty,but also greatly accelerated the ethnic fusion of Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasty.To compare and study the characteristics of Han culture of Fu Jian and Yao Xing is not only helpful for further understanding the historical development and its basic rules from cultural dimension during mid-later stage of Sixteen Kingdoms,but also has great enlightenments for further promoting the strategy of revitalizing the country by science and technology and strengthening the country by talents,actively carrying on and promoting Chinese traditional culture,and improving the scientific and cultural qualities of the whole nation.
Barbarian
Kingdom
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Chinese philosophy
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The academic thought and culture were very active in the Han Dynasty in Henan Province,during which many scholars of the Confucian school,many books written,old Huang's theory of Taoist school and superstitious belief widely spread,scholars with criminal law of the Legalists energetic and Buddhism seemed firstly to have an important role.Henan became the center of communication for domestic and foreign learning thought,which had influenced on the academic thought and culture of every perfections in the Han Dynasty.
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Qin culture contains many creative things and has a direct impact on the Han culture.The culture between Dynasty of Qin and Han exists the relationship of cultural inheritance,integration and enhance ment.The respect of inhgritance shows the administrative culture system of Qin Dynasty is comprehensive inherited to Han Dynasty,Qin strong totalitarian is directly extended to the Han Dynasty,the positive spirit of Qin rulers is extended to the rulers of Han Dynasty,many of the Qin Dynasty material and cultural heritage directly to the Han Dynasty.The respect of integration includes Harsh laws of Qin Dynasty are fine release to the laws of Han Dynasty,the Han Dynasty is adjusted comprehensively to the literal culture of Qin Dynasty,and the rulers of Han Dynasty is inherited abundant from the imperial Tombs'culture of Qin Dynasty.The respect of promotion are revealed in Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty was upgraded of the universal concept to a higher level in the practice and thinking,the rule of virtue-based thinking in the Han dynasty is comprehensively better than the rule of law-based thinking in the Qin Dynasty,the Han Dynasty use Confucianism as teaching to replaced the cultural and educational ideas of Qin Dynasty.
Legalism (Western philosophy)
Chinese philosophy
Inheritance
Shang dynasty
Chinese culture
History of China
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In the Western Han Dynasty,the political history had experienced several great changes. Liu Bang's political history was fuzzy and utilitarian,and he followed the Qin Dynasty's governance by virtue of water in the early Western Dan Dynasty. It was the virtue system of soil in the mid Western Han Dynasty. From the mid Western Han Dynasty,the political history became to the virtue system of fire. In the late Western Han Dynasty,Wang Mang made clever use of the change of the political history to set up a virtue system of soil. There were deep social reasons for the changes of the political history in the Western Han Dynasty.
Western europe
History of China
Chinese philosophy
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Before Qin Dynasty geography had a tradition of inspecting the nature and research the nature, and great success had gained. From Qin and Han dynasties, Chinese ancient geography lost this tradition, the first ancestor is Ban Gu in Eastern Han Dynasty. Dong Zhongshu in Western Han Dynasty advanced a theory of rejecting the Various Schools, monopolizing the Confucian School. It excluded or strangled other Various Schools,and destroyed a tradition of laying stress on nature in the Confucian School. Ban Gu wrote Geography Section of History in the Han Dynasty, in which he submitted to trend at that time,overlooked the tradition of laying stress on nature during pre-Qin period, vested the geograthy with other meanings, took record of establishment and evolution of administrative division in domination, and took mountains and rivers of natural knowledge as dependency, cause later Chinese ancient geography to follow the road of putting stress on evolution and textual research of geography, as well as recording the social history and the social condition. These gradually formed a Chinese traditional geography focusing on the study of historic geography, economic geography and evolution geography. This is a major break in geographical history of China between pre-Qin times and Qin and Han dynasties. This break directly affected the achievements of the Chinese ancient geography, making the Chinese ancient geography fail to evolve into modern geography.
Social geography
History of China
Section (typography)
Toponymy
Ancestor
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The education of Qin and Han dynasties enjoys characteristics of a significant transformation,with Confucianism being the mainstream and Taoism and Reformist schools absorbed.The central and local schools are effectively promoted .Thus the social foundation of Confucianism becomes more stable.At the same time the historical transformation is completed in the cultural and educational policies.
Mainstream
Taoism
Foundation (evidence)
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