Research on the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils( PMNs)are one of the first defenses against invading microbes.There are two ways for PMNs to kill bacteria,phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular traps( NETs),which is much more effective.NETs are composed of DNA and protein.After the stimulation of inducing factor,NETs appear and capture the pathogens.The mechanism of NETs becomes a current research focus in the field of PMNs.Keywords:
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Decades ago, neutrophil granulocytes have been recognized as professional phagocytes. In their granules they store a massive array of antimicrobial enzymes and peptides which they can release either to the outside or into the phagosome, where phagocytosed microorganisms are quickly killed. Some years ago a different antimicrobial function of neutrophils was discovered: once stimulated, neutrophils can undergo a cell death program that induces massive structural changes and finally leads to the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which can bind and kill microorganisms outside the cell. In this review, the current knowledge about antimicrobial properties of NETs is summarized and microbial strategies to escape NETs are discussed.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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This paper is a literature review on the origin, structure and functioning of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are released from neutrophils through NETosis, the kind of cell death. NETs are comprised of DNA, histones and neutrophil granule enzymes. As the result of the combination of all those components’ effects NETs play the key role in immunodefence, thrombosis and cancer progression. Due to procoagulant activity NETs act as the inducers of venous thrombosis and can be detected in thrombus and in plasma. The high levels of NETs concentrations in plasma are associated with thrombotic complications in trauma, infectious diseases and cancer. DNase decreases the incidence of thrombus and improve the results of thrombolysis in experiments. These results are seem to be very promising in clinical practice.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Introduction Neutrophil Development Mobilization to Sites of Infection and Damaged Tissues Recognition and Phagocytosis of Microbial Pathogens Antimicrobial Armory of the Neutrophil Intracellular Signaling and Neutrophil Functions Neutrophil Priming Role of Neutrophils in Microbial Defense Apoptosis Production of Inflammatory Mediators Neutrophil Immunodeficiency Diseases
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Priming (agriculture)
Phagocyte
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The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence in neutrophil research, inspired in part by the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their myriad roles in health and disease. Within the lung, dysregulation of neutrophils and NETosis have been linked to an array of diseases including pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and severe asthma. However, our understanding of pathologic neutrophil responses in the lung remains incomplete. Two methodologic issues have contributed to this gap: first, an emphasis on studying neutrophils from blood rather than the lung and second, the technical difficulties of interrogating neutrophil responses in mice, which has largely restricted basic murine research to specialized laboratories. To address these limitations, we have developed a suite of techniques for studying neutrophil effector functions specifically in the mouse lung. These include ex vivo assays for phagocytosis and NETosis using bronchoalveolar neutrophils and in situ evaluation of NETosis in a murine model of pneumonia. Throughout, we have prioritized technical ease and robust, quantitative readouts. We hope these assays will help to standardize research on lung neutrophils and improve accessibility to this burgeoning field.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Neutrophils recognize particulate substrates of microbial or endogenous origin and react by sequestering the cargo via phagocytosis, or by releasing NETs outside the cell, thus modifying and alerting the environment and bystander leukocytes. The signals that determine the choice between phagocytosis and the generation of NETs are still poorly characterized. Neutrophils that had phagocytosed bulky particulate substrates, such as apoptotic cells and activated platelets, appear to be "poised" in an unresponsive state. Environmental conditions, the metabolic, adhesive and activation state of the phagocyte, the size of and signals associated to the tethered phagocytic cargo influence the choice of the neutrophil, prompting either phagocytic clearance or the generation of NETs. The choice is dichotomic and apparently irreversible. Defects in phagocytosis may foster the intravascular generation of NETs, thus promoting vascular inflammation and morbidities associated to diseases characterized by defective phagocytic clearance, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. There is strong potential for novel treatments based on new knowledge of the events determining the inflammatory and pro-thrombotic function of inflammatory leukocytes.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Extracellular Vesicles
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
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Objective Neutrophils are able to form ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’ (NETs), which they use to trap and kill pathogens such as bacteria and fungi at the foci of infection. This observational study investigated the presence of NETs in the blood from critically ill patients and healthy volunteers. Methods Fluorescent triple-colour immunocytochemical analysis of blood smears collected from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS; associated with various clinical conditions) who had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit, and healthy volunteers, was undertaken to identify NETs in the blood. Blood smears were stained for DNA, histone H1 and neutrophil elastase. Results NETs were identified in 10 of 21 (47.6%) blood samples from the study group compared with none of the blood samples from eight healthy volunteers. Conclusion These data suggest that fluorescent triple-colour immunocytochemical staining of NETs in the blood could be used to simplify the early identification of critically ill patients with SIRS. Larger studies are required to clarify the pathophysiological role of NETs in this specific patient population.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Neutrophil elastase
Fluorescent staining
Pathophysiology
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