Cluster analysis of burley tobacco germplasm
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In order to understand the similarity among burley tobacco germplasm,149 burley tobacco cultivars from China and abroad were systematically clustered by cluster software NTSYS 2.10e based on data of 19 traits.Results showed that all burley tobacco cultivars can be clustered into 6 large cultivar groups and 2 small cultivar subgroups at dissimilitude coefficient of 0.0375.Group I to group VI included 25,22,23,18,24,and 37 cultivars,respectively.Total coefficient of all burley tobacco cultivars ranged from 0.01 to 0.53,indicating that there existed some differences among various germplasm.Keywords:
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Taking 22 pepper cultivars as materials,eleven botanical characters were investigated,and clustering analysis were applied.The results showed that the coefficient of variation(CV)of 11 traits were 13.75% to 138.12%,the maximum CV was single fruit weight,the minimum was stem diameter.The genetic distance of 22 pepper cultivars was1.036~7.618,all cultivars were clustered into four groups,the first group include 11 species,the second group include 8species,‘No 8'with a distant relationship with other species,singly clustered into the third group,the fourth group only contain two species.
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In order to well understand and utilize the conserved tobacco germplasm resources,the main characters of 86 flue-cured tobacco germplasms were studied in 2007.The results showed that the main characteristic difference occurred in plant height,stem,leaf number,pitch,leaf length and leaf width,ranging in 110.4-326.2 cm,6.3-12.9 cm,2.5-8.8 cm,15.2-59.0 leaves,42.3-77.2 cm,16.0-38.0 cm,respectively,and the coefficients of variation were 13.5 %,9.4%,21.2%,17.1%,10.3%,13.6%,respectively.The Shannon index reached 2.090,2.133,2.167,1.916,2.172 and 2.189,respectively.It is concluded that the resources in the main characters of flue-cured tobacco have high level genetic diversity,and the main characters of most resources are available for breeders.
Germ plasm
Curing of tobacco
Genetic Resources
Tobacco leaf
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An assessment of the genetic diversity among peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars released in the USA would be useful to scientists working with this crop. This study was conducted to determine contributions from ancestral lines and coefficients of parentage ( r ) for peanut cultivars released in the USA. Pedigrees were constructed and examined to determine relative contributions of ancestral lines. In addition, r values were calculated for 820 pairwise combinations of 41 cultivars and mean genetic contributions of the ancestral lines were determined. Among runner market‐type peanuts, ‘Dixie Giant’ was a germplasm source in all pedigrees, ‘Small White Spanish‐l’ occurred in over 90% of the pedigrees, and the two lines contributed nearly 50% of the germplasm of runner cultivars. The r values among seven of the eight runner eultivars developed since the release of ‘Florunner’ in 1969 averaged 0.32. Inclusion of the eighth cultivar, Tifrun, which is only distantly related to the other seven, lowered the r value to 0.20. The Virginia market‐type cultivars had a more diverse genetic background, with only Dixie Giant and ‘Jenkins Jumbo’ contributing more than 10% of the germplasm. The r values for the Virginia cultivars released since 1969 averaged 0.21. The average r value for crosses between runner and Virginia market types was 0.16, while Spanish cultivars, with the exception of Tifspan, were unrelated to either runner or Virginia cultivars. The coefficients of parentage can be used by researchers conducting breeding, genetic, or physiological studies where knowledge of the genetic diversity of peanut cultivar backgrounds is important.
Germ plasm
Pedigree chart
Arachis hypogaea
Genetic distance
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Taking 78non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars as materials,21polymorphic SSR loci were used to study the genetic relationship of non-heading Chinese cabbage cultivars using SSR marker,and cluster analysis was done by UPGMA method.The results showed that 56alleles were detected with 2~4alleles each primer.78cultivars were clustered three groups.Group I had a larger genetic variation level,which included 51 chinensis cultivars,4 narinosa cultivars and 4 parachinensis cultivars.The 51 chinensis cultivars were collected from the south and the north,which reflected their closer genetic relationship.Group II included 2 parachinensiscultivars,3 chinensis cultivars and 5seedling pekinensis cultivars.Group III included 6 chinensis cultivars,1 parachinensis cultivars and 3seedling pekinensis cultivars. The seedling pekinensiscultivars were clustered into two different groups,which reflected their genetic background during the breeding process.The results provided scientific basis for expansion of genetic basis and utilization of breeding parents in non-heading Chinese cabbage.
UPGMA
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Thirty one nationally released chickpea cultivars including one wild cultivar were analysed using RAPD markers. Percent polymorphism (%) and the average PIC value varied from 50 -100 % and 0.375-0.885, respectively. The cultivars were grouped into two distinct clusters with RAPD primers while wild cultivar remained unclustered and separate. Cluster-I grouped 20 chickpea cultivars which were further classified into 7 subclusters. Cluster-II comprised 11 genotypes which were further grouped into two subclusters. Principle component analysis (PCA) was also carried out to determine genetic relationship among the chickpea cultivars. Six clusters were formed on the basis of PCA. Wild cultivar did not cluster with any other cultivar. The genotypes grouped into clusters on the basis of RAPD analysis also showed great correlation in terms of nutritional quality as the grouped cultivars had same protein content. The large amount of genetic variation that exists between chickpea cultivars can be used efficiently for gene tagging and genome mapping of crosses to introgess favourable traits to develop new cultivars of desirable traits.
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Screened from 64 pairs of the AFLP primer,six pairs( E /AAC-M /CAT,E /AAC-M /CTT,E /ACA-M /CAA,E / AGG-M /CAA,E /ACC-M /CAA,E /ACT-M /CAT),which produced clear and reliable polymorphic bands,were selected for analysis genetic relationship and genetic diversity among the 63 Chinese olive cultivars. 417 amplification bands were produced with 100% polymorphic rate. It was indicated that there was rich genetic diversity in Chinese olive cultivar germplasm. The genetic relationship of the 63 Chinese olive cultivars was analyzed with software NTSYSpc-2. 10a,and a UPGMA tree was established. According to this tree,the Chinese olive cultivars in this studied could be divided into 7 cultivar groups with a similar coefficient 0. 312,the Group 1 delegated by‘Chaoyang sweet olive'including 45 cultivars, could be divided into 3 types,the Group 2 delegated by ‘Danatian'including 5 cultivars,the Group 3 delegated by ‘Chaoyang sanleng'including 4 cultivars,the Group 4 including 3 cultivars,the Group 5 including 2 cultivars,the Group 6 including 4 cultivars,and the Group 7 including one cultivar only,that was‘Fenghu olive',which had a long distance in relationship with other cultivars,maybe occurred variation in cultivation practice.
UPGMA
Germ plasm
Genetic relationship
Genetic distance
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Genetic divergence using D2 statistic of 100 rice bean (Vigna umbellata) cultivars of different ecogeographic origins revealed existence of considerable diversity. The cultivars were grouped into 15 clusters. The cluster I was the largest containing 40 cultivars followed by cluster II with 14 cultivars. Cluster III, IV and VI had nine cultivars each, whereas cluster V had only five cultivars. The diversity among the cultivars measured by intercluster distance, was adequate for improvement of rice bean by hybridization and selection. The cultivars included in the diverse clusters can be used as promising parents for hybridization programme for obtaining high heterotic response and thus better segregants in rice bean.
Genetic divergence
Divergence (linguistics)
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This investigation was carried out in Sweida governorate of Syria from 2014 to 2015. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the genetic diversity among 17 old local grape cultivars using morphological traits and SSR molecular markers. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of morphological traits revealed that four main components were accountable for 50.34 % of variance, with Eigen values of 16.77%, 13.31%, 10.59% and 9.67%, respectively. While distribution of cultivars was found significantly dependent of first and second components, which separated Aswad Sharar and Derbly cultivars rather than other studied cultivars. Hierarchical cluster of morphological traits showed high diversity among studied cultivars. On the other hand, molecular characterization was conducted using eight informative SSR primer pairs, polymorphism was detected by seven SSR's primers. As a result, 18 polymorphic alleles were revealed with a polymorphism percentage of 100%, which reflected the genetic variation among studied cultivars. Genetic similarity was achieved, where 0.875 was the highest between Zeiny and Khedry cultivars, while the other two cultivars Ebeidy and AhmarMokamaa showed the lowest genetic similarity as 0.077. Cluster analysis of SSR markers grouped the studied cultivars into three clusters as per Jaccard coefficient. The first cluster grouped Ebeidy, Aswad Helwany and Derbly cultivars together, the second cluster contained two cultivars Beiady and Alb Atair, while the third cluster contained the remaining cultivars. Consequently, the results showed high diversity among studied cultivars, and some morphological traits were useful for cultivar discrimination.
Genetic similarity
Jaccard index
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Genetic diversity in modern upland cotton cultivars ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) is thought to be narrow, thus limiting genetic advance. Robust information on the genetic relatedness among currently grown cotton cultivars is lacking. The objectives of the present study were to field test a sample of elite commercial cotton cultivars, including many transgenic cultivars representing the major cottonseed companies, and to evaluate their genetic divergence using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eighty‐eight SSR primer pairs were chosen for genotyping that provided 177 SSRs. Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficients among 24 genotypes ranged from 0.694 to 0.936, with an average of 0.772, indicating that sufficient genetic diversity does exist within our sample of commercial upland cotton. Genetic similarities among cultivars from the same seed companies were generally higher than the mean of all cultivars and grouped into six major groups: two Deltapine (DP), one Stoneville (ST), one FiberMax (FM), and two New Mexico (NM) Acalas. One California Acala cultivar of New Mexico origin, developed by Phytogen (PHY), did not group with New Mexico Acala germplasm. Texas High Plains stripper type cultivars were distant from picker types and formed independent groups. Under New Mexico growing conditions, DP and ST cultivars yielded higher but produced lower fiber quality, while NM Acala cotton had lower yield but higher fiber quality. The PHY and FM cultivars were intermediate in cotton yield and fiber quality. Six SSR markers were identified to be significantly correlated with fiber yield or quality among the cultivars tested, providing impetus to validate the marker–trait associations.
Germ plasm
Fiber crop
Gossypium
Genetic divergence
Genetic similarity
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The present study was aimed to assess the extent of genetic diversity with sixty-six genotypes of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) by using Mahalanobis’ D² statistics at AINP (Tobacco), Zonal Agriculture and Horticultural Research Station, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka during Kharif-2019-20 in RCBD design with two replications. The 66 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters based on D² analysis. The cluster II had maximum with 29 genotypes followed by clusters I, III, V, and IV had the minimum with 16, 16, 8 and 5 genotypes respectively and remaining clusters were solitary. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VIII and the lowest between clusters II and VIII. Cluster V had exhibited highest intra cluster distance and the lowest was observed in cluster VI, VII and VII. The character days to flowering, top grade equivalent and green leaf yield showed maximum contribution towards total genetic divergence. On the basis of cluster mean, cluster VI was superior for plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf length. The maximum leaf width was observed in cluster VIII, while cluster VII sowed superiority for days to flowering. The cluster IV showed highest green leaf yield, cured leaf yield and top grade equivalent. Thus, the genotypes involved in these clusters may be taken into consideration for better parents for generating variability for the respective characters and their rational improvement.
Kharif crop
Germ plasm
Mahalanobis distance
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