Variation of Fruit Characters among the Natural Population of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz and the Selection of Superior Types
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[Objective] To illustrate the variation law of fruit characters among the natural population of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz in western mountainous area of Beijing,and select superior type in terms of yield and quality.[Method] Fruiting characters(fruits length,width,average diameter,ratio of length to width,and unit weight) of 134 trees in 12 standard plots of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz were determined and analyzed.[Result] The range of variation among the individuals were higher than within the individuals with respect to the length,width,average diameter,ratio of length to width,and unit weight.The natural population of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz can be divided into six types,including small scattered fruit,medium scattered fruit,big scattered fruit,small clustered fruit,medium clustered fruit and big clustered fruit.The fruit weight of per unit area of medium clustered type and big clustered type were 32.86 g/m2 and 34.65 g/m2,respectively,significantly higher than the other types(P0.05).The average fruit diameter of big clustered fruits and big scattered fruits of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz were respectively 15.56 cm and 16.37 cm,significantly higher than the other types(P0.05).[Conclusion] The fruit character of natural population of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz varied significantly.Big scattered and big clustered fruits are of excellent property in terms of high yield and easy collection which is worth further application research.Cite
Variation Analysis on Growth Traits in Seedlings of A Rare Oil Tree Species Horsfieldia pandurifolia
The seeds of 11 Horsfieldia pandurifolia trees from 5 habitats were propagated on artificial conditions.The growth traits of 543 one-year seedlings,including plant hight,basal diameter,number of branch,total length of branch per individual,under branch hight and ratio of plant hight to basal diameter were surveyed for variance analysis.The results showed that variance coefficient of 6 traits ranged from 15.72% to 89.64% within the family and from 9.30% to 26.73% among families.The maximum values of plant hight,basal diameter and total branch length among families were 1.37 to 2.57 times of the minimum values(p0.05).The correlation analysis indicated that high degree of positive correlations existed among plant hight,basal diameter and total branch length.The frequency distribution analysis showed that normal distribution existed in plant hight,basal diameter and total branch length.There was significant difference of growth trait among families and individuals,which indicated that variation of growth trait in H.pandurifolia were abundant.
Basal (medicine)
Trait
Basal area
Coefficient of variation
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The growth status of one-year-old seedlings of Quercus acutissima Carr.from thirty-one provenances and twenty individuals from Rongshui in Guangxi and the correlations of the growth characters with geographical and climatic factors of locations were analyzed.The results show that the seedling height of different provenances is 53.40-121.16 cm and the growing speed is uniform from May to September.The ground diameter is 7.62-14.65 mm and the growth peak is from the middle ten days of July to the middle ten days of September.The leaf area index(LAI) is 9.6-29.4 and the average is 16.1.The height,ground diameter and LAI of seedlings of twenty individuals are 78.49-101.23 cm,8.87-10.48 mm and 7.6-17.9,respectively.There are highly significant differences of height,grounddiameter and LAI of Q.acutissimaseedlings among different provenancesand individuals(P0.01).The growth characters of seedlings have a highly significant negative correlation with the latitude of locations and some correlations with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature of locations.Thirty-one provenances can be divided into three groups according to the cluster analysis.It can be concluded that the provenances of Shangrao of Jiangxi,Longquan,Fuyang and Kaihua of Zhejiang,Sansui and Huangping of Guizhou are superior provenances.
Annual growth %
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Allometry
Tree Allometry
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To determine the phenotypic variation for natural populations of Juniperus rigida and the relationship between phenotypic variation and different population distribution areas,six populations and 120 families were sampled in the Helan Mountain Nature Reserve of Ningxia.Twenty phenotypic traits were analyzed,including needles,cones,seeds,height,diameter at breast height(DBH),crown diameter,height-diameter ratio,crown-diameter ratio,density of primary branches,height of stem under branch,stem straightness,total number of primary branches and length,and diameter of primary branches using variance analysis,correlation analysis,and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean(UPGMA)hierarchical cluster analysis.Results showed that significant differences(P0.01) among populations for 11 characteristic indices,such as needle length/needle width,cone length,cone width,cone length/cone width,seed length,seed width,seed length/seed width,DBH,stem straightness,height-diameter ratio,crown-diameter ratio,total number of primary branches,diameter of primary branches,and height of stem under branch.Also within populations,seven characteristic indices were significantly different(P0.01),such as needle length,needle width,needle length/needle width,cone length,cone width,seed width,and seed length/seed width.Variation among populations mainly contributed to phenotypic variation with a mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient(Vst) of 66.63%;whereas within populations,VST was 33.37%.For correlations between needle length and total number of primary branches,canopy density was positively and significantly(P0.05)correlated;for needle width,altitude was significant(P0.01)positive correlated;for height of stem under branch,gradient was significant(P0.05) positive correlated;for needle width,slope direction was significant(P0.05)negative correlated;In addition,six populations gathered into four groups by cluster analysis,which inconsistent with the geographic distribution and altitude gradient of Juniperus rigida in the Helan Mountains.There were significant differences in phenotypic variation among and within populations.Utilizing of variation within and among populations is important significance for genetic improvement of Juniperus rigida.
UPGMA
Coefficient of variation
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Thirteen sample plots were investigated to study the structure and the characteristics of Platycladus orientalis plantation samples in Shisanling forest farm of Beijing.The results showed that the average density,average height,the quadratic average diameter at breast height,average basal area and the average stocking volume of the stand were 1 535 per hm2,6.2 m,10.9 cm,14.69 m2/hm2 and 56.75 m3/hm2 respectively.Using normal distribution,Weibull distribution,log-normal distribution,Gamma distribution,Beta distribution for describing the structure of height and diameter of Platycladus orientalis plantation,it was found that normal distribution and Weibull distribution were the best functions to depict the structure of height and diameter.And the results accorded with the law of the forest plantation.The forest structure of Platycladus orientalis plantation was simple with low biodiversity in tree,shrub,and herbaceous layers.Shannon-Weiner diversity index and evenness index were 0.85 and 0.58 at tree layer,0.75 and 0.39 at shrub layer,and 0.78 and 0.58 at herb layer respectively.Carpinus turczaninowii,Ailanthus altissima,Quercus dentate and Quercus variabilis were dominant in the layer of 0-30 cm.Quercus dentate was dominant in the layer of 30-50 cm and Platycladus orientalis and Cotinus coggygria were dominant in the layer of higher than 50 cm.The number of seedlings higher than 50 cm accounted for 55.5 percent of the total number of seedlings.Management suggestions based on close-to-nature forest management were proposed.
Platycladus
Basal area
Quercus variabilis
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[Objective] The aim was to explore the variation degree of wild L. edulis Turcz. in Northeast region and the relationship among each indexes. [Method] The fruit shape variation of wild L. edulis in the northeast regions was studied,such as longitudinal diameter,transect diameter,fruit shape index and single fruit weight. [Result] There were sufficient genetic diversity on the fruit shape of L. edulis,and variation in fruit shape was larger. There were some significant or extremely significant differences in fruit shape characteristics between and within the different producing areas. Varied range in single fruit weight was the most,followed by fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index,fruit diameter minimum. The results showed a significantly linear correlation with fruit weight,fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit transverse diameter. The regression equation was established using stepwise regression method,according to the fruit longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter growth using this equation to predict the single fruit weight. [Conclusion] The results provide theoretical basis for screening excellent individuals and selective breeding.
Transverse diameter
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The Castanopsis sclerophylla seed length,seed diameter,seed length× seed diameter,seed length/seed diameter and hundred grain weight from nine areas were studied.The results showed that extremely significant difference were found in seed characters of C.sclerophylla from different areas.The most coefficient of variation is hundred grain weight and the least is seed length/seed diameter.Correlation analysis showed that the seed length and seed diameter had the significant positive correlation with hundred grain weight;seed became bigger and heavier as latitude became lower,the annual average temperature and frost free period become longer;the hundred grain weight had significant positive correlation with rainfall,seed length/seed diameter had significant negative correlation with the rainfall,And clustering analysis showed that phenotypic variation was basicaly continuous variation with the geography,which was consistent with the result of relevant analysis.
Castanopsis
Positive correlation
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[Objective] The study aimed to compare and analyze the variation law of seed morphological characters and starch content of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.from different provenances.[Method] The length,width,length/width ratio,seed weight of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.from 8 natural distribution regions in China were measured and analyzed.[Result]The results showed that there were extremely significant differences(P0.01)from different regions in seed characters.The length and width of seed were 14.38-18.72 mm and 11.10-12.82 mm,respectively.The length-width ratio of seed was 1.19-1.53.The seed weight was 0.69-1.28 g,and the contents of starch were 46.71%-52.56%.The length of seeds had a significant positive correlation(P0.05) with the length-width ratio of seed,and had a extremely significant positive correlation with the weight of seed.The length-width ratio of seeds had a significant positive correlation with weight of seed.The July mean temperature had a significant positive correlation with length of seed(P0.05),and had an extremely significant positive correlation with weight of seeds.The seed width has a significant negative correlation with the average annual sunlight.According to the results of cluster analysis,eight provenances of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.can be divided into two groups:big fruit and content of high starch and small fruit and slow content of starch.Huangling of Shanxi,Long County of Shanxi and Chifeng of Neimenggu were superior provenance.[Conclusion]The results of this research could provide a sound basis for study on the selective improved variety,transportation and base construction for Quercus liaotungensis Koidz..
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
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Combining with the causes of low yield chestnut forest of seedling propagation type in Hunan,we expounds two aspects of solution with varieties and planting density improvement. The results show that the per unit crown area production of new breeding varieties of Chinese chestnut 7,8,9 and 11 are improved greatly than the Tielitou,Chinese chestnut7 is the highest yield with 502 g / m2 and increased by 40%,other varieties of increased between 20% and 30%. The crown average area of Chinese chestnut 8 is the smallest,and the variances among individuals are small. The fruit number of Chinese chestnut 7 per unit crown area is highest( up to 17),while per fruit weight is smaller( about 12 g). The fruit number of Chinese chestnut 9 and 11 per unit crown area are small,but per fruit weight are bigger( up to 14 g). Chestnut forest density should be with 3 m × 4 m for thinning.
Thinning
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The study aims at compare and analyze the variation pattern of the phenotype characters and starch content of Quercus mongolica seed of different provenances.The length,width,length / width ratio,single kernel weight of Q.mongolica seeds from 16 natural distribution regions in China were measured and analyzed.The results showed that there were extremely significant differences among seeds from different region in seed characters.The length and width of seeds ranged from 14.76 mm to 21.08 mm and from 11.87 mm to 15.31 mm,respectively.The length / width ratio of seeds ranged from 1.21 to 1.49.The single kernel weight ranged from 0.60 g to 1.78 g and the contents of starch ranged from 4.42 g.kg-1 to 5.48 g.kg-1.The length of seeds has a extremely significant positive correlation with the width and weight of seed,and the width of seed had a significant positive correlation with the weight of seed.The seed width has a significant positive correlation with contents of starch.The width of seeds had a significant negative correlation with altitude,and had a positive correlation with July’s mean temperature.The weight of seed had a significant positive correlation with July's mean temperature too.The correlation of the other phenotypic character and starch content of Q.mongolica seed to geographical climate factors was not significant.According to the results of cluster analysis,sixteen Q.mongolica provenances could be divided into three groups with big fruit and high starch content,middle fruit and starch content,small fruit and low starch content,in which the provenances from Dailing of Heilongjiang Province,Benxi of Liaoning Province and Dayangshu of Inner Mongolia were the superior provenances.
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
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