Condition of Soil Erosion in Phaeozem Region of Northeast China
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Abstract:
The relationships between the soil erosion of phaeozem in the northeast region of china and humus, soil parent material, climatic condition, land feature, vegetation and man′s activity in this area have been analyzed. It has been pointed out that the reclamation on a large scale in the phaeozem region is the primary reason causing soil erosion in this place, and at the same time, several natural factors that are the potential factors to affect soil erosion have played more significance role in accelerated erosion after human broke into the phaeozem region. In fact, the phaeozem region of northeast China has became the most hazard region of potential erosion now for it′s unique physical geography environment and man′s activity. At present, the phaeozem region is subjected to severely soil erosion and at somewhere the loess mother material is exposing to the air. So we must action now to explore the law of soil erosion and to cure the soil erosion using this law, or else, the phaeozem region of northeast China will became the real barren land.Keywords:
Humus
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Using the 10 years observed data about runoff and sediment in the loess hilly forest region, the temporal change of soil erosion intensity in the reclaimed lands was analyzed. The results showed that with the increasing of erosion time, the soil erosion intensity in reclaimed lands would be increased apparently, and there had about 10 mm soil layer be eroded away every year. In the 10th year, the 100.81 mm depth of soil was eroded away, which was almost all the humus layer. At last, it is pointed that the increase of the erosion intensity, the decease of soil quality and the worse of the soil properties would aggravate the soil erosion intensity seriously.
Intensity
Humus
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The soil erosion of lower hilly red soil regions in Zhejiang was studied in this paper. There are two main models, a FCD model which can decrease the interferences from shadows, and a mixed pixel model to estimate vegetation coverage. According to the Standards for classification and gradation of soil erosion, the intensity of soil erosion was obtained from vegetation coverage, slope, land-use and other factors. Results show that vegetation coverage is in a good status that the vegetation fraction is generally more than 30%, and the soil erosion in the study area is slight, but agricultural land such as plantation is rather serious, especially the area where intense erosion plantation has reached 17.65%. In addition, tillage is another very important factor in engendering soil erosion, which should be paid more attention in calculating soil erosion. However, soil erosion is likely to occur in such areas, so the preventing and controlling of soil erosion still needs more attention.
Gradation
WEPP
Red soil
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Field data are lacking in studies of soil erosion in South Greenland and its relationship to soil processes and soil-forming factors. The main soil-controlling factors are climate, vegetation and other organisms, parent material, relief, time, and the influence of man. The potential for soil erosion is primarily expressed through the balance between the factor vegetation and the other soil-forming factors. The local conditions point to climatic or topographic gradients as the controlling agents of soil erosion when and if the vegetation cover collapses. The rate of soil erosion is dependent upon the existing soil, the parent material, temperature (length of growing season), and soil moisture. The latter two factors are especially decisive for controlling the vegetation cover. The soil profile is a snapshot of the effect of soil forming processes since the retreat of the ice about 9000 yr ago.The studies to date have shown that a two-sequence profile is found in most places. The top of the first sequence c...
Dryland salinity
Vegetation Cover
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Information on land use and soil erosion was extracted from TM remote sense images.The relation between land use change and soil erosion change was explored by overlapping the respective map layers.Results show that land use change in county of Keshan,Heilongjiang Province is unfavorable for soil and water conservation.The main land use change enhancing soil and water conservation occurs on the dry upland.Changes within dry land areas,i.e.the conversion of dry land to terrace,are the most effective for preventing soil erosion.
Terrace (agriculture)
Dry land
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The total coverage of land suffered from soil erosion has reached 492 km 2 in China.Apart from the natural factors of soil,precipitation and flora,artificial factors of overgrazing,reclaiming land at side of slopes and constructing projects play a big role.Soil erosion not only destroys the soil resources,but also restrains the agricultural production,pollutes water environment,slits up reservoirs and endangers city safety.
Overgrazing
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To further understand influencing factors of soil erosion and its ecological benefits in Karst region,we took Shiqiao catchment of Bijie city in Guizhou as a study area,which was a representative rocky-desertification area in Karst plateau.Meanwhile,the soil physical properties and vegetation cover factors were researched in the area.And the results showed as following:Firstly,soil mechanical composition had a direct impact on soil infiltration capacity in the run-off area,and water stability displayed distinct differences in various land-use types.Secondly,soil erosion caused that soil bulk density value was low and soil structure was relatively loose.And the increasing sequence of which was:shrub and grasslands land,(slopes land),returning farmland,forest land,gentle slope land.Thirdly,it showed a strong correlation between the number of vegetation cover and the changes in soil erosion.And when an equivalent reached 0.05,correlation coefficient r equivalent was 0.779 and 0.853 respectively.That was to say,the higher the vegetation cover showed,the weaker soil erosion was.In conclusion,the factors on soil erosion in Karst plateau had a direct and sensitive correlative association with the soil physical characteristics.And the best way to reduce soil erosion was vegetation restoration under human disturbance controlled,which can make the eco-efficiency maximized.In a word,the research was bound to play a positive role in the governance of soil erosion in the other similar Karst regions,besides,it can provide a scientific basis for the work of soil and water conservation in Karst mountainous areas.
Desertification
Land Cover
Infiltration (HVAC)
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The region with soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is located in the upper-middle reaches of the Yellow River, its total area is 2.77× 105 km2, it is one of the regions with the most considerable contradictions between the population, resources and environment in China, and is also one of the regions with the most serious soil erosion in the world. According to the data, the area with soil erosion in the region is as large as 2. 32×10 km2, it occupies 81. 8% of the total land area. Agriculture, especially grain production has an important position in the region, and it is of vital importance for the social stability and the economic development in the Loess Plateau to achieve the stable increase of grain yield. However, the shortage of grain supply in the Loess Plateau will become more serious along with the population growth, urbanization, implementation of the project of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting. In this paper, the soil erosion and its causes in the Loess Plateau are analyzed. It is considered that it is an effective measure for controlling soil erosion to implement the project of withdrawing from farming to afforesting and grass planting. By analyzing the factors affecting the grain supply in the Loess Plateau, the grain supply in the region with soil erosion in next 30 years is discussed. It is suggested to develop grain production so as to achieve the balance between the grain production and supply.
Loess plateau
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Since the beginning of its formation, the crust of the Earth has evolved under the action of the morphogenetic processes occurring differently as periodicity and intensity as a result of the interacting processes that change the surface of the earth at the levels of interference of the lithosphere with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. As part of the exogenous morphogenetic processes, soil erosion plays an important role in the dynamics that shape the crust of the Earth. Erosion is the process by which soil or rock particles detach themselves from the land surface, being carried from their place of origin and deposited elsewhere (Selby, 1993). The three stages of natural erosion are performed by two main agents: water and air in motion, whose inexhaustible kinetic sources are solar energy and gravity. Soil tillage using tools also makes the human factor an erosional agent because the three phases of erosion can be distinguished in this activity. Unlike other soil erosion agents, human activity can be directly controlled and rationally directed. Soil erosion is one of the main causes of vast agricultural and forest degradation on the Earth. In Romania, the theoretical and applied study of water erosion is of particular concern as the physical and geographical conditions of the greater part of the territory are influenced by this process. About one third (i.e. 4918.8 thou ha) of the total area of agricultural lands is affected by erosion and landslides. Among the agricultural uses, orchards are the most severely affected (65.6%), followed by natural grasslands (58.3%); the arable surface and landslides is about 20% of the total use category. Soil erosion prevention and control still prevails on arable land as there are approximately 2.6 million hectares (i.e. 26% of the total arable land) whose slope is greater than 5%. On the sloping lands where there are potential conditions for increased erosion, the first goal of the anti-erosion action is to reduce the annual loss to levels that can be compensated by the natural process of soil recovery. In Romania, for the arable lands consisting of medium soils, the annual admissible erosion is considered 6 t·ha -1·year -1. The decrease in the annual soil loss favours the preservation of nutrients and rain water retention, thus improving soil fertility of the sloping lands.
Arable land
Levelling
Soil crust
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China is one of the most serious soil erosion countries in the world.The total soil erosion quantity is about 6 000 million ton each year and it takes about 1/10 of the total erosion amount of the whole world.Almost 2 000 million ton of the eroded soil is transported into the sea every year.On the one hand,the serious soil erosion will cause both the nutrient loss of soil and water quality pollution because of the chemical fertilizer and pesticide from soil.On the other hand,the accommodation and discharge capability of rivers and lakes are decreased greatly for the season of soil accumulation on the bottom of rivers and lakes.Furthermore,The contradiction function of soil system on calamity is reduced largely with the decreasing of soil depth and deteriorating of soil characteristics.Based on the analysis,the relation of soil erosion formation cause and characteristics as well as harmfulness with vegetation restoration,some of the important and suitable measures on forest vegetation restoration are brought forward in the paper in order to control the serious soil erosion.There is a great guidance action on the ecological environment construction in the western part of China.
Soil Quality
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Ephemeral key
Infiltration (HVAC)
Topsoil
Gully Erosion
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