Study on risk factors of hyperlipidemia
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Objective To study the relationship between hyperlipidemia and dietary or other related factors. Methods A case control study was carried out to investigate the blood lipid, dietary and so on among 211 volunteers. Results The prevalence rate of hyperlipidemia was 30 81%, 36.36% in male and 24.75% in female. Smoking, obesity, lack of physical activities, hypertension, too much intake of fat and meat, and low intake of vegetable were risk factors of hyperlipidemia. Conclusions We should take some effective measures to prevent these risk factors of hyperlipidemia, so as to reduce the occurrence of hyperlipidemia.Keywords:
Hyperlipidemia
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Association of Dietary Patterns with Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the Kardiovize Brno 2030 Study
Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) could be handled by lifestyle interventions, its relationship with dietary patterns remains unclear in populations from Central Europe. Using data from the Kardiovize Brno cohort, the present study aims to identify the main dietary patterns and to evaluate their association with MetS risk in a random urban sample from Brno, Czech Republic. In a cross-sectional study of 1934 subjects aged 25⁻65 years (44.3% male), dietary patterns were derived by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administration and principal component analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation statement. Logistic regression models were applied. High adherence to the prudent dietary pattern was associated with lower odds of abdominal obesity, abnormal glucose concentration, and MetS. By contrast, high adherence to the western dietary pattern was associated with higher odds of abnormal glucose, triglycerides and blood pressure levels. Whilst our results confirm the deleterious effect of a western dietary pattern on several metabolic risk factors, they also indicate that the consumption of a diet rich in cereals, fish, fruit and vegetables is associated with a healthier metabolic profile. However, further prospective research is warranted to develop and validate novel potential preventive strategies against MetS and its complications.
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We used ultrasonography to detect fatty liver among 5020 people for epidemiological survey in Ningbo city and we found 695 cases(13.84%).Single factor logistic regression showed: drink of alcohol,excessive main food intake and fond of snacks,eating right before sleeping,high fat diet,excessive sleepness or languish during daytime,frequent yawning,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and obesity were risk factors for fatty liver;And labor intensity,work pressure and taking exercise often,etc.,were protective factors for fatty liver.Eating fast or slowly,smoking,gallbladder stone,hypertension,history of hepatitis were not related with fatty liver.Stepwise regression analysis showed: excessive sleepness or languish during daytime,frequent yawning,alcohol,hyperlipidemia,obesity,diabetes,high fat diet,excessive main food intake,eating right before sleeping were risk factors for fatty liver.And suitable labor intensity,take exercise often were protective factors for fatty liver.We recommended a comprehensive treatment that consisted of lifestyle change,suitalbe exercise,medical examination at regular interval and knowledge popularization,etc.,would help for fatty liver.
Hyperlipidemia
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Lifestyle modification
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Cardiovascular diseases are a major public health problem worldwide. They are the main cause of death in industrialized countries, while the mortality associated with cardiovascular disease is increasing in less developed countries. The modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease are cigarette smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Obesity has been recorded in 10%-25% of the population, indicating that poor or inappropriate diet is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease. Unhealthy dietary habits including place and way of taking meals, number of daily meals and excessive salt intake from processed foods also contribute to body mass gain. In the present study, dietary habits were assessed in cardiovascular patients versus control group by use of Dietary Habits Questionnaire. Study results showed a statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence of inappropriate eating habits in cardiovascular patients (lower number of daily meals, more often skipping breakfast and having dinner) than in control group. In conclusion, many lifestyle and individual behavior modifications are needed in most patients with or at a high risk of cardiovascular disease.
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In this review we have collected data from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials published from 1968 to 1989 on the relationship between dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease. Although the reported observational studies of diet and coronary heart disease provide general support for the classic diet-heart hypothesis, evidence of specific dietary lipids is weak. A positive association with saturated fat intake was seen in two prospective studies. A positive association with cholesterol intake was found in only two cohort studies, and an inverse relationship with polyunsaturated fat intake in only one. Clear evidence from dietary trials in the prevention of coronary heart disease has not been found. The analysis of trends in coronary heart disease and stroke mortality of developed countries has shown a discrepancy between fat intakes, cholesterol levels and mortality. The reduction in intake of certain foods "at high risk" such as meat, eggs, milk and cheese, as a preventive intervention, is based on weak scientific evidence. A strategy program has to emphasize the maintenance of ideal body weight by caloric control, an adequate level of physical activity, and the control of other risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.
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Red meat
Polyunsaturated fat
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Hyperlipidemia or hyperlipoproteinemia is the condition of abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood. Hyperlipidemia may be defined by serum total cholesterol >240mg/dL and/or LDL cholesterol >160mg/dL and/or total cholesterol: HDL ratio >5.7 and/or total triglycerides > 150mg/dL in adults. Objective: The objective of this article is to review up-to-date findings (risk factors/indicators, metabolic effects/complications and prevention/control mechanisms) for such an increasing aspect of metabolic syndrome illnesses in most parts of the world population. Results: Many inter-related causes and risk factors are considered for the development of hyperlipidemia and other chronic illnesses of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and hypertension). Many current studies reveal that there are significant differences in blood lipid levels and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia between ethnic groups, different dietary habits, life style and level of physical activity, as well as genetic background. Exogenous factors, such as dietary intake (fat, cholesterol), alcohol, use of contraceptives and other pharmacologic agents are indicated as the main secondary causes and risk factors of hyperlipidemia in adults. Once developed, hyperlipidemia results in various effects/complications to the body including atherosclerosis, cholilithiasis and others. Conclusion and Recommendations: An intricate relationship of cause and effect appears to exist among the known chronic metabolic illnesses (diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia) which show a growing burden on our today's society in particular. Multiple strategies (including dietary measures) have to be considered to maintain normal blood lipid levels. Other secondary causes of hyperlipidemia (diabetes mellitus, alcohol intake, weight gain, physical activity and drugs) need to be included in avoiding hyperlipidemia and its effects/complications.
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There is a close relationship between occurrence and development of diabetes with dietary factors. The results of epidemiological researches indicate that a higher intake of unsaturated fat could be beneficial, whereas a higher intake of saturated fat and trans fat could adversely increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Dietary recommendations to prevent type 2 diabetes should focus more on the quality of fat in the diet than quantity alone.
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Trans fat
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Diet is a major component of prevention, management and treatment of most noncommunicable disorders and a key element of maintaining health. Dietary policies are essential for health maintenance and disease prevention and should be implemented based preferably on information collected in the target population. Switzerland has the second highest health expenditure worldwide, but little if no dietary preventive measures are implemented at the population level. Likely reasons are separation of competencies between the different political structures in Switzerland and the difficulty in having standardized instruments to assess dietary intake in a multilingual heterogeneous country.
The objective of this thesis was to provide some information to the following issues: a) the dietary intake of the Swiss population; b) the associations between diet and non-communicable diseases, and c) the dietary management of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease.
In _chapter 2_ of the thesis, we show that dietary patterns have favourably evolved in the population of canton Geneva between 1993 and 2014, while the barriers to healthy eating have decreased in the Swiss population. We then show that compliance to the dietary guidelines of the Swiss Society of Nutrition has slightly improved between 1993 and 2017 in canton Geneva, although compliance to some items such as dairy products and meat failed to improve. We also show that the issuing of dietary guidelines by the Swiss society of nutrition did not impact the compliance rates. The last part of the chapter is dedicated to trends in other dietary related factors such as vitamin, mineral and dietary supplements in canton Vaud, the prevalence of which remained stable (20.6% in 2003-2006 and 20.3% in 2009-2012).
In _chapter 3_, we focus on the associations between dietary intake and several markers of noncommunicable diseases. We show that dietary patterns obtained using principal components analysis are associated with obesity, smoking and socio-economic markers. We also show that a dietary pattern rich in fruits and vegetables is negatively related with inflammatory markers. Conversely, dietary intake appears to have little impact on the incidence of hypertension in a middle-aged population.
In _chapter 4_, we analyse the dietary management of cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes and on dietary changes after a CVD event. We show that patients with dyslipidemia have a higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, mono- and polyunsaturated fats than the general population. Conversely, only half of patients with type 2 diabetes report being on an anti-diabetic diet. Diabetic patients consume more artificial sweeteners and less sugary products than the general population and, except for a higher consumption of vegetables, no differences were found between diabetic patients reporting or not an anti-diabetic diet. Finally, we show that patients with a CVD event do not change their dietary intake and lifestyle changes for the secondary and tertiary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Overall, our results show that dietary intake of the Swiss population could be improved, and that dietary management of cardiovascular risk factors among patients could be implemented.
Dietary Reference Intake
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Objective To provide evidence for decision-making on fatty liver disease? prevention through studying the main risk factors related to the incidence of fatty liver disease in Chinese people.Methods the results from 16 epidemiological studies on risk factors of fatty liver disease from 1997 to 2008 were analyzed synthetically by Meta-analysis.The cumulative cases and controls were 37359 and 68229,respectively.The pools odds ratio(OR) values of overweight(23≤BMI25),fat(BMI≥25),excessive drinking,smoking,high fat diet,intake of vegetables,drink green tea,exercise more,exercise less,hyperlipidemia,high HDL-Ch,low HDL-Ch,hypertension,hyperglycemia,hypercholesterolemia(≥6.5mmol/L)and diabetes are 1.68(0.68~3.90),5.01(3.23~7.76),3.52(1.52~8.15),1.18(1.01~1.37),2.82(1.50~5.31),0.45(0.37~0.55),0.52(0.43~0.64),0.32(0.14~0.74),3.49(1.26~9.65),4.91(2.69~8.96),0.31(0.17~0.57),2.14(1.50~3.03),2.19(1.43~3.35),2.75(1.66~4.58),2.96(0.26~32.98),2.29(1.30~4.01),separately.Conclusion The main factors influencing the incidence of fatty liver disease in Chinese people were fat(BMI≥25),excessive drinking,smoking,high fat diet,intake of vegetables,drink green tea,exercise more,exercise less,hyperlipidemia,high HDL-Ch,low HDL-Ch,hypertension,hyperglycemia,diabetes and so on.
Hyperlipidemia
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