The Reform and Innovation of the Government's Operational Pattern after China's Entry into the WTO
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Since China's entry into the WTO, the government's operational pattern has to be reformed and innovated from the following ten aspects: the focus of government administration should be shifted from authority administration to discipline administration; from policy administration to lawbased administration, from microadministration to macroadministration; from obscure administration to open administration; from benefit administration to fair administration; from willful administration to honest administration; from responsibilityfree administration to responsible administration; from controlling administration to service administration; and from inefficient administration to efficient administration.Topics:
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This chapter examines the changes in the University of Oxford's administrative structure during the period from 1914 to 1964. It suggests that the growth in the university's central direction and administration stemmed from its mounting size and complexity and from its tightening relations with outside bodies. It describes the university's structure in three consecutive periods. These include the ancien regime from 1914 up to the early 1930s, the years of Sir Douglas Veale until the mid-1950s, and the age of reform that lasted from then until the mid-1970s.
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The late Roman period saw the development, for the first time in the Roman world, of complex bureaucratic structures which permitted emperors, who had now abandoned the campaigning or peripatetic style of most of their predecessors during the first four centuries of imperial history, to retain their authority. The emperor and his court with its glittering ceremonies in Constantinople was the focus for the eastern empire, and from there issued the laws which announced imperial wishes. The armies, though no longer directly commanded by emperors, strove to preserve the frontiers and maintain law and order inside them. But the smooth functioning of this system required administrative structures which had to become more complex and intrusive as the curial élites in individual cities, who had traditionally performed many vital tasks in the areas of revenue generation, dissemination of imperial wishes and preservation of local order, slowly declined in authority or surrendered control of some of these duties; here was a cyclical process, with administrative developments responding to, but also encouraging, a weakening of the curial class. The impact of administration is reflected in a story from the Life of Theodore of Sykeon: devils being exorcized cried out: ‘Oh violence! Why have you come here, you iron-eater, why have you quitted Galatia and come into Gordiane? There was no need for you to cross the frontier. We know you have come, but we shall not obey you as did the demons of Galatia, for we are much tougher than they, and not milder’.
Bureaucracy
Emperor
Frontier
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The acuteness of the danger facing the republic in the years following Agnadello and the unprecedented series of campaigns that occupied the years before 1530 led to a method of running military affairs that, while drawing much from the past, established a pattern reused with only minor modification later in the century.
Minor (academic)
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Perplexity
Vitality
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GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN 1984 Geoffrey K. Fry Geoffrey K. Fry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 38, Issue 3, SUMMER 1985, Pages 282–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a051994 Published: 01 July 1985
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