ELECTROLUMINESCENCE STUDY OF CONJUGATED COPOLYMER CONTAINING p-PHENYLENEETHYNYLENE AND THIOPHENE
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Electruluminescence (EL) in conjugated polymers based on phenyleneethynylene and thiophene (PPE) with C—C triple bonds in their main chains were studied. It was found that the emitting wavelength will red shift by introduction of thiophene which is an electron rich moiety, the results suggest that electron rich moieties should increase effective conjugation length. Our results also show that the incorporation of thiophene units into PPE may significantly reduce the rigid rod conformation and improve the processibility.Keywords:
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Abstract A series of polythiophene derivatives P1‐P5 containing carbazole side chains were designed and synthesized via the Stille polymerization. All carbazole containing polymers showed broad absorption in the visible region. The power conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on blends of two component copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) were determined to be 0.29 and 0.56% for P1 and P5 , respectively. For solar cells fabricated with the three component copolymers and PC 61 BM, the efficiencies were 0.56% for P2 , 0.86% for P3 , and 0.70% for P4 . The introduction of electron‐donating carbazole side chains can broaden the absorption in the visible region and meanwhile reduce phase separation due to the steric hinderance of the carbazole moiety to the conjugated main chain. Improving efficiency needs a balance of broad absorption and ordered packing of polymer chains in the solid state. magnified image
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A difluorobenzothiadiazole-based polymer P-TT with alkylthiophene side chains diplays a desirable blend film morphology and high PCE with wide processing windows.
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Four alternating copolymers of carbazole (Cz) and thiophene (Th) with thienylene-vinylene (TV) conjugated side chains containing different acceptor end groups of aldehyde (PCzTh–TVCHO), mono-cyano (PCzTh–TVCN), di-cyano (PCzTh–TVDCN), and 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (PCzTh–TVDT), have been designed and synthesized. The structures and properties of the main chain donor–side chain acceptor D–A copolymers were fully characterized. Through changing the acceptor group attached to the TV conjugated side chain on thiophene unit, the electronic properties and energy levels of the copolymers were effectively tuned. The effect of substituent on the electronic structures of the copolymers was also studied by molecular simulation. These results indicate that it is a simple and effective approach to tune the bandgap in a conjugated polymer by attaching an acceptor end group on the conjugated side chains. The polymers were used as donor in polymer solar cells. The device based on PCzTh–TVDCN/PC70BM demonstrates a power conversion efficiency of 2.16% with a high Voc of 1.03 V under the illumination of AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2.
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Abstract A new two‐dimensional conjugated (2D conjugated) and side chain isolated polythiophene derivative with a dodecane carbonyl group terminated triphenylamine‐vinylene (CTPA) conjugated side chain and unsubstituted terthiophene spacer, PT4‐CTPA, was designed and synthesized. Compared to its polymer analogue of PT2‐TPA (with only one thiophene spacer and without the pendant electron‐deficient group), the 2D‐conjugated and side chain isolated PT4‐CTPA with the electron‐withdrawing carbonyl group on the conjugated side chain shows a lower lying HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) energy level at –5.24 eV and enhanced absorption of the polymer backbone. A bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell with the polymer as a donor and (6,6)‐phenyl C 71 ‐butyric acid methyl ester as an acceptor demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.56% with an open circuit voltage of 0.7 V under AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm 2 . PCE is more than seven times higher than that of PT2‐TPA (0.21%, under same experimental conditions). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E822–E831, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/adv.21324
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Three two-dimensional donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers consisting of a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene derivative and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with a conjugated side chain were designed and synthesized for use in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) or nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). Through attaching various acceptor end groups to the conjugated side chain on the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety, the electronic, photophysical, and morphological properties of these copolymers were significantly affected. It was found that the intermolecular charge transfer interactions were enhanced with the increase in the acceptor strength on the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety. Moreover, a better microphase separation was obtained in the copolymer: PC71BM or ITIC blend films when a strong acceptor end group on the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety was used. As a result, BHJ PSCs based on copolymer:PC71BM blend films as active layers exhibited power conversion efficiencies from 2.82% to 4.41%, while those of nonfullerene copolymer:ITIC-based inverted PSCs ranged from 6.09% to 7.25%. These results indicate the side-chain engineering on the end groups of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene unit through a vinyl bridge linkage is an effective way to adjust the photophysical properties of polymers and morphology of blend films, and also have a significant influence on devices performance.
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