The Methods and Characteristics of Hmong (Miao) Nationality Migrated to the Southeast of Yunnan and the North of the Mainland Southeast Asia
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Hmong(Miao)people's migration from Guizhou to the southeast of Yunnan and the north of the Mainland Southeast Asia had many distinctive characteristics such as short time but large-scale migration that caused by turbulence and sporadic but continuous migration that caused by economic factors.The migration primarily directed into mountains and rarely to plains,valleys and towns.Some quickly settled down after they migrated to these places while others continued to move.The main direction of movement moved towards the southwest but also greatly to the southeast of Yunnan from the north of the Mainland Southeast Asia and some moved back to Guizhou from the southeast of Yunnan and other places,which not only formed distribution pattern mixed with other ethnic groups also formed many small neighborhood of Hmong(Miao)people themselves etc.Keywords:
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Butterflies and Dragon-Eagles:Processing Epics from Southwest China Mark Bender (bio) Introduction Since the 1950s large-scale government-sponsored folk literature collection projects have been carried out in China.1 These include the massive Chinese Folksong Compendium (Zhongguo geyao jicheng), a nationwide project underway since the late 1980s to collect folksongs and oral art (Feng 1999:18-19). By the year 2002, this and related projects had resulted in the collection and publication of approximately three million folk songs, nearly two million folk stories, and a whopping seven million proverbs, as well as hundreds of local dramas, prosimetric narratives, and epics (WIPO 2002:2). For the last several years, projects large and small have been underway to document so-called "intangible culture"—a whole array of oral and performing arts traditions—perceived to be threatened by modernization and globalization. Participants in this colossal effort include individuals and groups at major think tanks such as the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Central Nationalities University, and the Institute of Intangible Culture at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou. Many others are associated with provincial, prefectural, or county-level research or cultural institutes, publishing houses, and community organizations. And there are also unknown numbers of non-professional researchers and local tradition-bearers in local communities who carry out significant—though often unrecognized—documentation, research, and preservation of local folk culture. Many such documentation efforts are being carried out in southwest China, an ecologically diverse area in the foothills of the Himalayas that is intersected by several of Asia's largest rivers. It is also the most ethnically diverse area of China. China has 56 official ethnic groups, the largest of which consists of the Han people who make up over 90% of the population. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups, over 30 live in south and southwest China—many in Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan provinces. Most of these groups have many subgroups that go by various local names and in some cases have populations that spread across international borders. In this essay, I wish to explore how local individuals of two of these ethnic minority groups in southwest China are involved in what I call "processing" epic narratives of their respective ethnic groups. These individuals may wear more than one hat and include tradition-bearers who know the local lore, as well as poets, scholars, and government researchers in various local and regional organizations. The "butterflies" and "dragon-eagles" in my title indicate some of the varied content of the epic traditions. Southeast Guizhou province is home to many people of the Miao ethnic group (Miaozu), also known as Hmong and by many local names. One of their myth-epics is about a butterfly known as Mai Bang, or "Butterfly Mother," who plays a major role in the creation of certain major and minor beings in Miao epic and ritual lore. After she forms in the heartwood of a sweet gum tree, she is released by moth grubs and a woodpecker, then grows into a beautiful butterfly. One day while flying down a river, foam from the tips of the waves splash her body. She soon discovers she is pregnant and later lays twelve precious eggs in a nest girded by mountains. The eggs eventually hatch out into various beings, including a dragon, a tiger, the Thunder God, and Jang Vang, the first ancestor of humans in our age—who after a great flood marries the only available woman, his sister. But this is the kind of thing that happens in myth-worlds. The "dragon-eagles," on the other hand, are part of a creation epic from the Nuosu people, a subgroup of the large and varied Yi ethnic group (Yizu). One day a woman named Pumo Hniyyr is weaving under the eaves of her house. She suddenly spies several eagles and dragon-eagles spiraling high above. When she goes out to play with them, she is splattered by three drops of blood that fall from the sky. She soon finds out she is pregnant. Not long afterward, she gives birth to an unusual child who refuses to drink his mother's milk, sleep next to...
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In Tang Dynasty, northwest, northeast and southwest nationalities had a large amount of inland migration, which had inspective reason and characteristic. We have analyzed and discussed the situation, reason and characteristic of northeast and southwest nationalities' inland migration, which from an important aspect reflect the relationship between Tang government and northeast, southwest nationalities, and Tang government's nation policies in different periods.
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Thriving
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The Southern Silk Road traversed from Yunnan, through Southeast Asian countries and India, to Rome in Europe, and played an important role in trade and cultural exchanges in history. As early as more than 2,000 years ago, ancestors of Zhuangs and Dais came to or settled down in most parts of Yunnan of China and neighboring Thailand, Vietnam, Burma and Laos. This area was hub of the Southern Silk Road, where Pattra-leaf culture of local ethnic groups exerted far-reaching influence. Today we should take advantage of this geographical vantage point and improve economic and cultural exchanges between Yunnan Province and neighboring Southeast Asian countries in order to quicken Yunnan's reform and development.
Southern china
Cultural Exchange
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During the change of the dynasty from Song to Jin,the Central Plains got into trouble because of the incessant disaster of war.Song Gaozong fled to the South as soon as he ascended the throne and many common people migrated to the South with the emperor.Many people migrated to Zhejiang,Jiangxi,and Guangdong,etc.through many places and settled there.The migration led to the spread of the Culture of the Central Plains to the South of the Yangtze River.Most migrants settled in Hangzhou,the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.Consequently,Hangzhou was more greatly affected by Bianjing in eating and drinking,folk customs,and art of talking and singing,etc..
Emperor
Yangtze river
Throne
Capital city
Capital (architecture)
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Abstract The Mlabrai, or 'Spirits of the Yellow Leaves' as they are often called, are one of the last surviving groups of hunting and collecting people in Thailand. A study is being made of their camps and shelters, collecting and hunting patterns and periodic movements in search of food with the primary aim of developing better explanations for the Hoabinhian, a Late Stone Age cultural tradition widespread on the mainland of Southeast Asia from the end of the Pleistocene to the mid‐Recent period.
Mainland
Ethnoarchaeology
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Abstract “China proper” – the region south of the Great Wall to the South China Sea – emerged as an imperial entity in 221 BCE . In the north and west it bordered on Inner Asia's three ecologically different segments. The west, the Tibetan highlands and the deserts and steppes north of them, consisted of “population islands” – cities, towns, and oases – inhabited both by highly organized mobile groups and, in the steppes, by pastoral nomadic peoples; from Turkestan's Tarim and Dzungaria basins sedentary agriculture could provision caravans and cities and export cotton as far as China. The north, Mongolia, consisted of deserts which made habitation difficult and which were the arena of the Mongols. The northeast, Manchuria, accommodated sedentary agriculturists and was the realm of the Khitans, Jurchens, and many other nomadic, highly mobile, semi‐sedentary or sedentary groups. Inner Asia comprises the regions east of the Pamirs and south of the Altai Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and includes Tibet, Turkestan, Xinjiang, the Mongolias, Manchuria, and the north of “China proper.” Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea to regions north of the Pamirs and west of the Altai and includes Sogdiana, Bactria, Transoxania, Fergana, and other regions. Inner Asia, twice the size of China proper, held a total of perhaps five million people, compared to China's 80 million about 600 CE . In China the largest ethnocultural group were the Han, a sedentary agricultural population originally concentrated in the north along the Huang He or Yellow River. The northern “Chinese” rulers had emerged from intermarriage and cultural métissage and were no Han Chinese, though they were sometimes constructed as such by later official imperial historiography, which was often hagiography.
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Inner mongolia
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Abstract The Han people of southern China living in the coastal regions lying to the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River show a series of distinctive essences of physique, language or dialect, lifestyle and economic pattern, religion and worship of supernatural spirits, cultural orientations to the oceans and maritime character and so on. The maritime orientation of “living on boats as home, depending on sea as lifestyle, trading with Maritime Fan (诸番) ” was the most prominent characters of the Han people in south of China, especially in the southeast coast in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. The accumulation and assimilation of the prehistoric and early indigenous Bai Yue (百越), Island Yi (岛夷) and proto-Austronesian of the Maritime Region of Southeastern Asia, as well as the immigration and acculturation of the overseas ethnic groups of foreign Maritime Fan since the medieval ages, were the two main sources of the formation and development of the unique maritime cultural character of the Han people in southeast coast of China.
Acculturation
Worship
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Mainland
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People from provinces west to Shanhai Guan form the climax of the migration wave into the Northeast region during the Republican period,which was a spontaneous flow of population caused by people's spontaneity as well as government's promotion.The immigrants from Shandong Province,Hebei Province and Henan Province came into the Northeast region by sea,railways and roads and went Northward in order to earn a living.In the period of the Republic of China,the migration was divided into three phases.From 1927 to 1930,it was the beginning of the migration wave and about one million people crowded to the Northeast,the majority of whom came northward continuously along the railways and scattered living in Jilin,Heilongjiang and Yalu River,with only a small number staying in South Manzhou.In the climax of the migration wave during the Republican period,even the foreigners settled down here such as Koreans.Such large scale of migration wave not only promoted population growth in the Northeast,but also sped up the development of the Northeast region,especially the north part of Northeast.
Climax
Xinjiang
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