Preliminary results on hydrological and hydrochemical features of Kartamak Glacier area in Mt. Muztag Ata
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Latest satellite images have been utilized to update the inventories of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Pumqu river basin, Xizang (Tibet), in the study. Compared to the inventories in 1970s, the areas of glaciers are reduced by 19.05% while the areas of glacial lakes are increased by 26.76%. The magnitudes of glacier retreat rate and glacial lake increase rate during the period of 2001–2013 are more significant than those for the period of the 1970s–2001. The accelerated changes in areas of the glaciers and glacial lakes, as well as the increasing temperature and rising variability of precipitation, have resulted in an increased risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Pumqu river basin. Integrated criteria were established to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes based on a bibliometric analysis method. It is found, in total, 19 glacial lakes were identified as dangerous. Such finding suggests that there is an immediate need to conduct field surveys not only to validate the findings, but also to acquire information for further use in order to assure the welfare of the humans.
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As part of a glacier hydrological study electrical conductivity of meltwaters from two subpolar glaciers was investigated. The dissolved load of a melt stream reflects the mixing, in varying proportions through time, of waters with different chemical characteristics from different environments (Collins, 1977). Conductivity, a surrogate measure of the concentration af total dissolved solids, was used as an indicator af the nature af subglacial and englacial hydrochemical environments and of different meltwater routings through the glaciers. The investigation was carried out at Qamanârssup sermia, an outlet glacier from the Inland Ice, in 1981 and at Kitdlerssuaq, on an outlet glacier from a local ice cap, in 1982 and 1983 (fig. 45). All conductivity values are reported at the measuring temperature, i.e. 0-2°C for glacier meltwater.
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We have analyzed one rapidly expanding glacial lake and one stagnant glacial lake located in the central Himalaya to understand the impact of local topography on the expansion and evolution of glacial lakes using remote sensing data. The slope, aspect, incoming solar radiation and compactness ratio of glaciers associated with the glacial lakes have been studied and analyzed. Glacier topography play important role in the expansion of glacial lakes as observed from the study..
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<p>In recent years, the number and size of glacial lakes in mountain regions have increased worldwide associated to the climate-induced glacier retreat and thinning. Glacial lakes can cause glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) which can pose a significant natural hazard in mountainous areas and can cause loss of human life as well as damage to infrastructure and property.</p><p>The glacial landscape of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in south-western Norway is currently undergoing significant changes reflected by progressing glacier length changes of the outlet glaciers and the formation of new glacial lakes within the recently exposed glacier forefields. We present a new glacier area outline for the entire Jostedalsbreen ice cap and the first detailed inventory of glacial lakes which were formed within the newly exposed ice-free area at the Jostedalsbreen ice cap. In detail, we explore (i) the glacial lake characteristics and types and (ii) analyse their spatial distribution and hazard potential.</p><p>For the period from 1952-1985 to 2017/2018 the entire glacier area of the Jostdalsbreen ice cap experienced a loss of 79 km<sup>2</sup>. A glacier area reduction of 10 km<sup>2</sup> occurred since 1999-2006. Two percent of the recently exposed surface area (since 1952-1985) is currently covered with newly developed glacial lakes corresponding to a total number of 57 lakes. In addition, eleven lakes that already existed have enlarged in size. Four types of glacial lakes are identified including bedrock-dammed, bedrock- and moraine-dammed, moraine-dammed and ice-dammed lakes. Especially ice- or moraine-dammed glacial lakes can be the source of potentially catastrophic glacier lake outburst floods. According to the inventory of glacier-related hazardous events in Norway GLOFs represent the most common hazardous events besides ice avalanches and incidents related to glacier length changes. Around the Jostedalsbreen ice cap several historical but also recent events are documented. The majority of the events caused partly severe damage to farmland and infrastructure but fortunately no people have been harmed by today.</p><p>Due to the predicted increase in summer temperatures for western Norway until the end of this century, it is very likely that the current trend of an accelerated mass loss of Norwegian glaciers will continue. As one consequence of this development, further new lakes will emerge within the newly exposed terrain. The development of new glacial lakes has diverse regional and global socio-economic implications. Especially in mainland Norway, where glaciers and glacier-fed streams have a high importance for hydropower production, tourism and climate research it is essential to gain a better understanding of the possible impacts of glacial lakes for being prepared for risks but also advantages arising from these newly emerging landscape elements.</p>
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Based on surveying data of glacial striae on roches mountonnees near the terminus of Glacier No.1 and Glacier No.7 at the head of Urumqi River, Tian Shan Mt., the statistical graduation character of glacial striae is discussed in this paper. It is shown that the statistical graduation character of glacial striae conforms to the exponent model, and the parameters (A and B) of this model can be used as indexes to describe the density of glacial striae and the glacial dynamics. The larger A and B are, the larger the density of glacial striae is. The spatial distribution of the parameters (A and B) of glacial striae is influenced by the size of glacier, location in the trough, and position on the roches mountonnee. It is shown in this area that the A and B values are larger in the larger glacier (Glacier No.1) than those in the smaller (Glacier No.7), and larger on the top side of the roches mountonnee than those on the lateral side. At the same time, the A and B values are also varied from the center to the edge in glacial troughs influenced by the micro forms in glacial valleys.
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the glacial features line layer describes linear features associated with surficial geology these glacial features include but are not limited to wisconsinan synglacial sea extents meltwater channels meltwater spillways ice margins and eskers this layer also includes non glacial exposures such as gravel pit extents an associated dbase table glac_desc166l dbf is available with glacial feature descriptions
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This review manuscript addresses hydro-meteorological correlations of various glaciers situated in the Himalayan region. Meteorological parameters influence the discharge pattern of the glacier. A strong correlation has been observed between discharge and air temperature of the studied Himalayan glaciers. Whereas, other meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction etc. were not significantly correlated with the meltwater runoff of different glaciers in this region. In general, variability (Cv) in discharge from the various Himalayan glaciers such as Chhota Shigri and Gangotri glaciers follow the variability (Cv) in the temperature of these glaciers. Maximum variability (Cv) in meltwater runoff from the Chhota Shigri glacier has been reported in the month of September, which might be due to the fast decline in stream runoff and air temperature of the study area during the month of September. A strong relationship has been observed between suspended sediment concentration and temperature of the majority of studied Himalayan glaciers. Such type of result shows that the suspended sediment concentration in the glacial meltwater has increased with rising air temperature in this region.
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Glacier morphology
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the glacial features line layer describes linear features associated with surficial geology these glacial features include but are not limited to wisconsinan synglacial sea extents meltwater channels meltwater spillways ice margins and eskers this layer also includes non glacial exposures such as gravel pit extents an associated dbase table glac_desc184l dbf is available with glacial feature descriptions
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Most of glacial lakes hold glacial meltwater, and have shown a trend of expansion in recent decades. However, few studies have distinguished the amount of meltwater from the total water nourishment of these lakes. We quantified the retained glacial meltwater in glacial lakes by comparing the water balance of glacier-fed and non-glacier-fed lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA). Results showed that 8.18±0.64 Gt of meltwater was retained by 8115 (~44%) of the glacier-fed lakes in HMA and the annual contribution of glacier melt in HMA to sea-level rise may have therefore been overestimated by ~1.5%. In the glaciation zones, the retained meltwater from glaciers was 6.94×103 m3/km2 in HMA with a spatial variability over the past 30 years from 0.40×103 to 25.29×103 m3/km2 across different subregions. Retained glacial meltwater substantially contributed to the increased volume in glacier-fed lakes with an average contribution rate of 92% across different subregions of HMA. Moreover, retained glacial meltwater was a substantial portion of the regional water resource and represented ~5.6% of the annual eco-water demand in the glaciation zones in HMA. A total of 21.66±0.43 Gt of water was stored in 4209 (~23%) glacial meltwater impounded lakes with an outburst potential, threatening ~51% of the hydropower projects in HMA.
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