STUDY ON THE DIGIT RATIO OF BOUYEI ETHNIC GROUP IN GUIZHOU
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[Objective]To study the digit ratio of Bouyei ethnic group in Guizhou,ananlyze the mean values of left and right hands of different sexes.[Methods]Physique measurements were used to study the digit ratios(2D︰3D,2D︰4D,2D︰5D,3D︰4D,3D︰5D,4D︰5D)of left and right hands of 312 individuals(153 males,159 females)of the Bouyei.[Results]The mean values of digit ratios presented a trend as:2D︰3D2D︰4D3D︰4D2D︰5D4D︰5D3D︰5D.Significant differences of 2D︰3D,2D︰4D of left and right hands were found between males and females(P0.05 or P0.01).Females had higher mean values than males.[Conclusion]There is sexual difference in digit ratio and an obvious sexual difference in 2D︰4D.Keywords:
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Sexual difference
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Introduction The importance of handedness lies in its relationship with the lateralization of the brain function, especially of language. The aim of the present study was to provide an authentic database on right and left second to fourth digit (2D:4D) ratios in 2 different ethnic groups of a particular age and gender, and to study its correlation with handedness and sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted among 400 Tibeto-Nepalese (TN) subjects (200 of each gender) and 400 Indo-Nepalese (IN) subjects (200 of each gender) aged ≥ 18 years old. The values for the 2D:4D ratio were calculated for both hands. Hand preference was established according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and five hand preference determination groups were constituted after the calculation of the laterality score. The results were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The mean value of right sided 2D:4D ratio of TN female was higher as compared to IN female; and for left sided 2D:4D ratio, the value was lower in TN female as compared to IN female. When the values of the 2D:4D ratios were assessed by gender, the values were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), whereas when they were assessed by ethnicity, only the right hand 2D:4D ratio was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion When the relationships between the laterality score and the 2D:4D ratios were examined, the values were found to be statistically significant in both ethnic groups only on the left side. The 2D:4D ratio shows significant ethnic and population differences in the present study.
Sexual dimorphism
Hand preference
Digit ratio
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The role of geographical location on digit ratio (2D:4D) in ethnic groups within the same geographical location was investigated. One thousand four hundred and twosubjects drawn from Andoni and Ikwerre ethnic groups in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were randomly selected for this study. These comprised 702 (50.07%) Andonis of which 350 (24.96%) were males while 352 (25.11%) were females and 700 (49.93%) were Ikwerres of which 461 (32.88%) were males and 239 (17.05%) females. A digital venier caliper was used to measure the lengths of the second digit (2D) and fourth digit (4D). The ratio 2D/4D was then calculated for each subject. The results obtained showed positive significant differences (p<0.001) in the lengths of 2D and 4D between males and females in the two ethnic groups. It also showed significant (p<0.001) sexual and ethnic differences within same geographical location. This suggests that 2D:4D is inherited but not necessarily influenced by geographical location.
Digit ratio
Niger delta
Numerical digit
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Sex determination is a challenge for forensic experts during mass disasters. Teeth are an excellent source in both living and nonliving population, where bodies are mutilated beyond recognition. Mandibular canines can be employed for gender determination in such situations. Similarly, second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and foot index (FI) are sexually dimorphic and differ in males and females. Mandibular canine index (MCI), 2D:4D and FI are considered quick, easy and reproducible methods for determining the sex of an individual.This study aimed to determine the combined role of MCI, 2D:4D and FI in denoting gender identity and establish their correlation.The present study comprised of 100 dental students (50 males and 50 females) of our institution, aged 19-25 years, with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurements were done using a Vernier caliper, a divider and a ruler, and MCI, 2D:4D and FI were calculated using their specific formulae. The calculated values of FI, MCI and 2D:4D were subjected to statistical analysis.There was a statistically significant difference observed between left MCI (P < 0.05), right and left 2D:4D and FI (P < 0.05). The results revealed that 2D:4D was less, whereas MCI and FI were higher in males than in females. The observed MCI was compared with standard MCI, and left MCI revealed higher sexual dimorphic characteristics (15.2%). Although the overall correlation between 2D:4D, FI and MCI was insignificant, the measurements were comparable.This study indicated that the anthropometric dimensions of 2D:4D, FI and MCI can be used for sex determination independently with accurate results.
Calipers
Mandibular canine
Sexual dimorphism
Digit ratio
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Objectives: To find the association of Second digit length (2D), Fourth digit length (4D) and their ratio (2D:4D ratio) with stature of an individual. Materials and Method: 2D and 4D lengths (right hand) of 141 medical students both male and female from IInd MBBS aged between 18 to 21 years were recorded using a digital vernier callipers. Results: Statistically significant relationship was found between 2D and 4D lengths with stature in both the gender. There was no statistically significant relationship between 2D:4D ratio and stature of an individual. Conclusion: Second digit lengths and fourth digit lengths serve as important tools of identification for determination of stature of an individual.
Numerical digit
Digit ratio
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The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker, related to prenatal estrogen and testosterone levels in-utero and determined genetically by HOX genes. The prenatal effects of testosterone on development of brain hemispheres are considered as a key factor in etiology of left-handedness. Besides sexual dimorphism, 2D:4D ratio shows significant ethnic and population differences. The aim of the present study is to provide an authentic database on right and left 2D:4D ratios in two different ethnic groups of a particular age and sex, and study its correlation with handedness and sexual dimorphism. The study was conducted on 300 Haryanvi Brahmins (150 each of either sex) and 300 Kashmiri Pandits (150 each of either sex) of the age group of 18 years and above. The values for 2D:4D ratio was calculated for both the hands. Hand preference was established according to Edinburgh Inventory and five hand-preference determination groups were constituted after calculation of laterality score. The results were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean values for 2D:4D ratio in both the ethnic groups were found to be higher in females than in males. When the values of 2D:4D ratio were assessed by sex, the values were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). When relationship between laterality score (indicator of hand preference) and 2D:4D were examined, the values were found to be significant only in Haryanvi Brahmins (males) on the right side.
Digit ratio
Sexual dimorphism
Kashmiri
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A normal physiology of a human being is not mere a series of functions occurring with specific intensities and timing. There are lot of factors that may change the normal physiological activity within normal limits. Finger length ratio is one of the markers of intrauterine androgen exposure and it is debated and contradicted by many authors. Digit ratio varies among the ethnicities. Many Indian studies show that there is considerable difference in finger length ratio in different population. Data regarding Central India was not found on extensive search.
Digit ratio
Ring finger
Middle finger
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Sexual differences in the index to ring finger length ratio (2D:4D ratio) have been observed since more than 150 years ago, and they are already present in the foetus. Homeobox genes, which also control the differentiation of testes and ovaries, are involved in finger conformation, which is subjected to the influence of testosterone and estrogen levels. In general, women show larger 2D:4D digit ratios, although differences between sexes are subjected to ethnic variations. This study was performed in order to analyse the absolute values of several digit ratios (2D:4D; 4D:3D; 2D:3D) among 164 young adults of Tenerife (101 women). Finger lengths were directly measured dorsally using a calliper with an accuracy level of 0.01 mm. Dorsal digit lengths were defined as the distance between the fingertip and the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx, in a position in which fingers and palms formed an angle of 90o. We found that 2D:4D of both hands (for instance, women=0.9631 ± 0.02647; men= 0.9535 ± 0.02507 for the left 2D:4D ratios), the left 2D:3D (0.9063 ± 0.02216 in women; 0.8980 ± 0.01931 among men) and the right 4D:3D ratios (0.9377 ± 0.03625 among women vs 0.9471 ± 0.02138 among men) were significantly different among men and women. The magnitude of the difference among sexes is similar to that reported for other populations, and they allow for the elaboration of a discriminant function with an accuracy of 60.4%, that reaches 86% if stature is also included. We applied this discriminant function to a test group composed of 36 randomly selected women and 24 men, obtaining an accuracy of 58.33% and 81.67%, respectively.
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Ring finger
Phalanx
Dermatoglyphics
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Objective:To explore the morphology of adult hands in the Bouyei nationality,and provide morphological interpretations affecting orthopedics,use of machinery and equipment,the manufacture of tools,and the protection of the hands.Methods: According to international standards of measurement,44 morphological indices of the hand of 312 adults(153 males,159 females) of the Bouyei nationality aged 20 to 55 years from Xiasi town,Dushan County,Guizhou Province were measured.Results: In every measurement,males were larger than females(P 0.01).Right-side measurements were 75% larger in males and and 81.82% in females.Thickness,circumference,length and breadth of shape showed significant differences(P 0.05 or P 0.01).The average of the metacarpal index was 96.56 in males and 93.84 in females,and the average in the hand index was 46.12 in males and 45.66 in females.Conclusion: This work shows evidence for asymmetry in the morphological data and obvious differences in hand shape by sex.Generally,hands were described as short and wide,and finger type as short and thick.
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Abstract Objective Sex differences are often reported in digit lengths and digit ratio (2D:4D). However, the ontogeny of these sex differences and their interrelationships are less well known. Methods We considered sex differences in the lengths of the 2nd (2D) and 4th (4D) digit and 2D:4D in children aged 2 to 18 years (Sample I, n = 680) and adults aged 18 to 30 years (Sample II, n = 89,246). Digit length was determined by direct experimenter‐measurement (Sample I) and direct self‐measurement (Sample II). The data were tested with two‐factor ANOVA's (sex and year‐group). Results In both samples, there were significant main effects of sex and year‐group, and a significant interaction effect on digit length. Digit length was positively related to age in both samples. Boys had longer digits than girls but only after 13 years. Men had longer digits than women and the dimorphism increased from 18 to 30 years. There were significant sex differences in 2D:4D (males < females), but no significant effect of age and no interaction effect of age and sex on 2D:4D in children or adults. Conclusions Between 2 and 30 years, the lengths and the sexual dimorphisms of 2D and 4D are dependent on age. In contrast, 2D:4D is not age‐dependent. We discuss our findings in the context of the ontogeny of digits and in the light of recent claims on the presence of static allometry in 2D and 4D lengths.
Numerical digit
Digit ratio
Sexual dimorphism
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Studies on many populations have shown that the length of the second finger (2D) compared to the fourth (4D), expressed as the finger length ratio (2D:4D), might be characteristic for sexual dimorphism. It was also found that the values of 2D:4D differ significantly between examined populations. It is thought that the value of 2D:4D is determined in early foetal life under the influence of genetic factors and the strong influence of sex hormones. It has been proven that the values of 2D:4D are related to, for instance, sexual orientation, and artistic and sporting ability. Recently, increasing interest in the clinical signifi- cance of finger length ratio in the diagnosis of somatic and mental disorders has been observed. For example, it was found that values of 2D:4D in individuals suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia or autism were significantly lower compared to healthy subjects. The aim of the study was to determine sexual dimor- phism in finger length ratio among representatives of the Polish population.The study group comprised 115 people (57 females and 58 males). Anthropometric meas- urements were taken from the second and fourth finger of the right and left hands - from the point of dactylion (da) to pseudophalangion (pph) using analogue callipers. We calculated the significance of differences in 2D:4D between males and females separately for the right and left hands.In both hands mean 2D:4D values were lower in males than in females. The difference in the right hand reached the statistical significance level with p < 0.05.Among the subjects from the examined population the 2D:4D ratio shows trends characteristic for sexual dimorphism.
Digit ratio
Sexual dimorphism
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