Compensation Effects of Planting Density and Fertilization on Grain Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Seeds Nutrient Contents of Dry Land Spring Wheat
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To assess the compensation effects of input fertilizers on the crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE), two-year experiments of spring wheat planting density and fertilization influence yield formation were conducted in the semiarid field conditions of loess hilly area in Ningxia Uh autonomous region. A comparison of wheat yield and WUE sequences under four planting densities with five fertilization levels shows that maximum yield and highest WUE were achieved under the optimum fertilizer input of 90 kg N and 135 ckg P2O5 per hm2 with 500 seeds/m^2. Increase soil fertilization was positively correlated with grain yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat, with a correlation coefficient were 0.959 and 0.894, planting density, however, showed poor correlation with both. Increasing fertilizer level significantly increased fertile spikelets number, kernels per spike and kernel weight. These components were decreased with the increase in planting density. Fertile spikelets number was sensitive to fertilization, whereas kernel number and weight was mainly affected by plant density. Fertilization applied in spring wheat improved root system development and especially enhanced roots growth in the cultivated soil layer of 0~20 cm. Ameliorated root system was able to improve crop water use and nutrient absorption, and hence, crop yield and water use efficiency was increased. Grain yield of spring wheat was increased by 44.6% and 55.4% when P and P+N +K were applied, respectively. A significant increase in yield was also obtained with N application but not with K. P or P+N promoted spike development and hence, increased seed production. N+P+K improved the quality of seeds, and the content of N, P and K in seed increased by 18.5%, 18.4% and 8.1%, respectively, compared with no nutrient treatment. This study highlights the compensation effects of improving soil fertility to high efficient use of limited water in dry land spring wheat production.Keywords:
Water Use Efficiency
Water use
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Results showed that under the local soil and climate,on an average,the rice variety-Ganzaoxian 52 absorbed 158.3 kg/hm2 N fertilizer during its whole growth period with a grain yield of about 6 000 kg/hm2.The highest yield of 6 525 kg/hm2 was obtained with 150 kg/hm2 N fertilizer and planting density of 20.0 cm×16.7 cm.Nitrogen fertilizer and planting density showed a significant interaction on grain yield.Owing to different amount of N fertilizer and different planting density,populations with different quantitative and qualitative characters formed.A population with optimum LAI of 5.9 at booting stage was good for high grain yield and grain quality such as the ratio of head rice,chalky rice percentage and protein content.
Grain Quality
Nitrogen fertilizer
Growing season
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Conventional tillage
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Background and Aims It is important for water conservation that suitable agricultural measures are used to improve the water use efficiency (WUE) of crop production. Water_conserving irrigation has improved WUE of crops, but is difficult to practice in arid and semi_arid areas of Loess Plateau, especially those areas lacking water for irrigation. Therefore, water_conserving agriculture in these areas focuses on increasing the rainfall_use efficiency of crops. This study examines whether root_cutting can increase grain yield and WUE of winter wheat in rain_dependent farmland on Loess Plateau. Methods The field experiment was conducted in 2004 and 2005 at the Changwu Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cultivar of winter wheat was `Changwu135' (Triticum aestivum cv. Changwu135), which is widely used by farmers in the region. Roots were partially cut off vertically to 13 cm depth along two sides, 2 cm away from the main stems at the re_greening stage (March 14, 2004). Soil water content was measured at 10 cm depth intervals at different developmental stages. Root respiration rate was measured at the flowering stage. Grain yield, aboveground biomass, spike number per unit area, grain weight and harvest index were measured at the maturity stage. We studied effects of partial root_cutting on root/shoot ratio (R/S), yield and WUE. Key Results Partial root_cutting at the re_greening stage of winter wheat significantly decreased upper root biomass: root biomass to 20 cm soil depth at the flowering stage was 249.70 g·m~ -2 for root_cutting treatment and 307.52 g·m~ -2 for intact plants, and total root biomass was 305.53 g·m~ -2 for cutting treatment and 368.73 g·m~ -2 for intact plants. Root_cutting reduced root respiration rate by 25.57% compared with intact plants. Spike number was reduced to 590.33 m~ -2 , compared to 646.33 m~ -2 for intact plants, but 1 000 kernel weight increased significantly after partial root_cutting (45.99 g compared to 41.47 g for intact plants), and harvest index also increased. Yield was little affected by root_cutting, but water consumption was greatly reduced. Biomass water use efficiency and yield water use efficiency were increased by 32.52% and 29.98%, respectively, compared with intact plants. Conclusions Root_cutting reduced the root system of winter wheat, restraining population density which reduced water consumption and improved soil water content after anthesis. It is favorable to grain development in wheat. Root_cutting lowered root respiration rate and decreased the amount of dry matter consumed by the root system, which raised the proportion of dry matter allocated to aboveground organs. Dry weight of shoot was unaffected by root_cutting, but water consumption was greatly reduced. Therefore, WUE of winter wheat can be increased on dry lands by partial root_cutting at the re_greening stage. More study, especially on timing and intensity on root_cutting, is needed to synchronously increase grain yield and WUE of wheat.
Water Use Efficiency
Water use
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D-saturation optimum design were used to investigate the effect of planting density,nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on yields of corn shaandan 308 hybrid.The regressive model was set up based on the planting density,nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization.Analysis results showed that planting density significantly influenced the grain yield and the suitable range was 50784~59859 plants·hm-2.The dosage of nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced the yield of corn.The interaction effects of N fertilization and planting density were positive,the optimum combinations of applied nitrogen 343.3 kg·hm-2 and plant density from 50 784 to 59 869 plants·hm-2 could increase the grain yields.Applied ratio of N and P fertilization could increase the kernel weight to increased yields.The authors provided the agricultural measure and high yield technology design of objective yield range from 7 500 kg·hm-2 to 8 249 kg·hm-2 and from 8 250 kg·hm-2 to 9 000 kg·hm-2.
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Abstrcat In this study, using plots with different levels of water and fertilizer fully controlled,we analyzed the effect of water and fertilizer on leaf area of population during filling period and grain yield of spring wheat. The results showed that under irrigation condition, compared with no-fertilizer and fertilizer treatment, the application of chemical fertilizer with manure improved leaf area index (LAI) by 76.9% and 45.5%, leaf area duration (LAD) by 85.9% and 53.5%, solar energy using efficiency by 51.4% and 26.2% and grain yield by 38.3% and 20.4%. Under non-irrigation condition, compared with no-fertilizer and fertilizer treatment, the application of chemical fertilizer with manure improved leaf area index (LAI) by 59.6% and 7.1%, leaf area duration (LAD) by 56.3% and 9.5%, solar energy using efficiency by 46.9% and 11.9%, and grain yield by 28.4% and 4.1%. Therefore, the application of manure with chemical fertilizer increased yield significantly.
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A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 at Ranchi, Jharkhand to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of cultivation. The morpho-physiological analysis of growth and yield in wheat revealed that system of wheatintensification manifested higher total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight resulting in higher grain and straw yield over conventional method of cultivation. The net return and benefit: cost ratio as well as the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash was also recorded significantly higher under system of wheat intensification. Higher fertility level of 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 also significantly improved the plant height, total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Among the wheat cultivars, K 9107 manifested significant improvement in growth attributes at all the growth stages resulting in significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash than Birsa Gehu 3, HUW 468 and K 0307. Thus it can be concluded that the wheat variety K 9107 fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 under System of Wheat Intensification may able to boost up the wheat productivity under irrigated ecosystem of Chhotanagpur plateau region, India.
Potash
Tiller (botany)
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The growth dynamics determining the yield of winter wheat depends partly on genetic determination and partly on environmental factors, including nutrient supplies. Growth and yield responses to nutrient supplies were investigated for three diverse genotypes. In the dry year of 2007 dry matter production and leaf area were influenced chiefly by N supplies, while in the more favourable year of 2008 the genotypic effect was more pronounced, and in most cases N fertiliser only led to a significant increase in yield up to a rate of 80 kg ha −1 . The maximum value of the leaf area index (LAI) was recorded at the 240 kg ha −1 N level for all three varieties in 2007 (11.5; 9.9; 8.1), while in 2008 the maximum was observed at the 160 kg ha −1 N level for Mv Toborzó and Mv Palotás (8.6 and 8.4, respectively), and only in Mv Verbunkos did LAI continue to increase up to 240 kg ha −1 N (9.8). The cumulative BMD and LAD parameters mostly exhibited much higher values in 2007 than in 2008. The maximum grain yield was achieved at 160 kg ha −1 N in 2007 and at 80 kg ha −1 N in 2008. It could be concluded from the results that the manifestation of genotypic traits was enhanced by favourable weather conditions, which also led to the better utilisation of lower rates of N fertiliser.
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The effects of fertilizer application depth on the dry weight of root system after anthesis in dry land wheat have been studied in soil column. The results showed: fertilizer was applied in the depth of 20 cm～40 cm, the weight and the ratio of root system in middle and lower depth increased,and the 1000 grains weight increased,and the spike number and the grain number per spike remained stable, the ratio of grain yield coming from the photosynthetic organ transported after anthesis increased, thus the grain yield increased. And a comparison fest showed that the fertilizer application in the depth of 20 cm～20 cm had opposite results. So the depth of 20 cm～40 cm of fertilizer is the optimal depth to gain high yield and high efficiency, end and this technology of fertilizer application should be spread in dryland wheat.
Anthesis
Dry land
Dry weight
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Subsoil
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In order to clarify the effect of planting density and nitrogen fertilization application rate on population quality and yield formation of winter wheat,a field experiment was carried out at Gaocheng county,Hebei province,during 2013-2014,using a winter wheat cultivar,Shimai 18.The experiment was designed as split plot arrangement,with planting density as main plots(150×104,225×104,300×104 and 375×104 plants·hm-2)and nitrogen fertilization rate as split plots(N 180,240 and 300kg·hm-2).The results showed that the amounts of population culms(spikes)of wheat increased with the increase of planting density during all growing stages,but all the four densities got enough spikes.The leaf area index(LAI)and dry matter accumulation during pre-winter to anthesis increased with the increase of density,but the LAI and dry matter accumulation under 150×104 and 225×104 plants·hm-2 were higher than those of 300×104 and 375 ×104 plants·hm-2 during post-anthesis period.The difference of the population culms at all growing stages(except erecting stage)was not significant among the three nitrogen fertilization rates.The dry matter accumulation had a tendency toincrease with the increase of nitrogen rates,and the LAI of wheat with higher nitrogen fertilization rates declined slowly after anthesis.The effect of planting density on yield and its components of wheat were statistically significant(P0.05).And the effect of nitrogen fertilization rate on 1 000 grain weight and grain yield were also statistically significant(P0.05).The interactions of planting density and nitrogen rate on grain weight and grain yield were significant.The highest grain yields of wheat,10 308.65 and 10 221.98kg·hm-2,were achieved in the treatments with the planting density 150×104 plants·hm-2,and the nitrogen fertilization rates 240 and 300kg·hm-2,respectively.According to the results,it is recommended that,nitrogen fertilization should be increased properly under low planting density.Considering saving cost and improving nitrogen use efficiency,nitrogen input should be decreased under high planting density,so as to realize high yield and high efficiency of wheat production.
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Population density
Nitrogen fertilizer
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