Analysis on Dry Matter Accumulation and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium Nutrition Characteristics of Potato Atlantic
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Free-virus potato seed were used to investigate the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium nutrition characteristics of Atlantic by pot experiment.The result showed that the plant grew rapidly during the earlier growing stage,and the tuber emergence was early.The accumulation rate of root was fastest in bud stage while stems and leaves were in squaring stage and tuber was in flowering stage with the same trends of absorption and accumulation of nutrition.During the earlier growing stage,dry matter and nutrition distributed main in leaves.With the development of plant and the tuberization and expansion,the distribution in tuber ascended and reached over 80%.The relativity of accumulation of dry matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and the days after emergence for Atlantic can well fitted with trinomial function.The absorption ratio of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of Atlantic were nitrogen(N)∶phosphorus(P2O5)∶potassium(K2O) = 1∶0.175∶2.142,that is,the absorption amount of N,P2O5,and K2O for formantion of 500 kg tubers was(N)1.609 kg,phosphorus(P2O5) 0.281 kg and potassium(K2O) 3.445 kg respectively.Topics:
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The regularity of P uptake,accumulation and distribution with winter potato were studied by NPK allocation as base fertilizer and top dressing.The results showed that compared with the concentration of potassium and nitrogen,the concentration of phosphorus within the leaf,stem and tuber of potato was low.Phosphorus concentration in leaves kept decreasing,that in the stems reached a peak 15 days after full seedlin emergence and then gradually decreased,while that in tuber exhibited a single peak 55 days after full seedlin emergence and then gradually decreased.Phosphorus absorbed for 1 000 kg tuber in 2009~2010 was 0.62 kg while that in 2010~2011 was 1.02 kg.The distribution rate of phosphorus in the leaves was the highest during the early growth stage(5 days after full seedlin emergence) and then fallen gradually till 5% kep;The distribution rate of phosphorus in the stem kept a high level 5~25 days after full seedlin emergence and then decreased gradually.The distribution rate of phosphorus in the tuber rose quickly with the growth process.It illustrated that a large number of phosphorus transfered to the tuber after the formation of tubers and the tuber is the ultimate storage organ of phosphorus.
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The accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Prunella vulgaris and their relationships under field condition were studied, in order to provide a basis for the rational fertilization.Through the dynamic sampling of P. vulgaris in different growing stages, and the dry weight of plant, the amount of dry matter and the content of N, P and K within each organ of the plant were measured.The dry weight of P. vulgaris linearly increased with the increase of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, there existed a significant correlation at whole growth period. The maximum stage accumulation rate of dry matter from mid-April to the beginning of May, reached 63.71%. The amount of dry matter was mainly distribution in leaves from late March to mid-April. The distribution ratio in stem was the highest from beginning of May to late May. Until mid-June, the distribution ratio of dry matter in spicas was higher than that in other organs. The absorption amounts of N, P and K were lower before mid-April, and the nutrient element was concentrated in plant leaves. From late April to beginning of May, the N, P and K accumulation reached maximum of total absorptive capacity, which accounted for 72.35%, 59.82%, 87.41%, respectively, and the mineral elements were concentrated distribution of plant stems. When transferred to reproductive stage, both accumulation amount and distribution rate of nutrient elements in spicas increased rapidly, which reached the maximum until mid-June. From elongation stages to quaring period was the period of maximal accumulation of dry matter and showed the maximal efficiency of N, P and K nutrition.The time from elongation stages to quaring period is the most crucial period in the growth development stage of P. vulgaris, and should be paid more attention to the supply of mineral nutrition and moisture of plant to promote spicas formation and dry matter accumulation in this stage. The average N, P2O5 and K2O absorption amount per 100 kg dry matter of spicas were 1.62, 0.36, 2.88 kg respectively, and the ratio of N-P2O5,-K2O was 1 : 0.22: 1.77.
Prunella vulgaris
Dry weight
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The effects of fertilization on the leaf area coefficient,on absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,and on accumulation and distribution of dry matter during all stages and economic yield of spring maize were studied.Also,the relationship between the above mentioned growth elements and economic yield was investigated.The results were as follows:Fertilization enhanced K absorption more obviously in the earlier stage of spring maize.To fertilizer treatment,the absorption of N and P occurred with two peaks during the whole life stage,and to control,only one peak in the earlier stage.Similarly,fertilizer application largely increased the leaf area coefficient at filling time,the amount of dry matter accumulation during the later stage and the economic coefficient.The correlation analysis indicated that the leaf area coefficient at filling time,amounts of potassium absorption during the earlier and middle stages,amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption during the later stage and dry matter accumulation during each stage were significantly related with the economic yield of spring maize.
Potash
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The effect of nitrogen forms on N uptake,translocation and distribution in organs and yield of potato was studied in field experiments.The results showed that ammonium nitrogen fertilizer had the most remarkable increasing effect on potato upland dry matter accumulation;Compared with CK,potato tuber dry matter accumulation was increased from 50.37% to 71.38% by nitrogen treatments;Organs nitrogen content was decreased gradually with growing time,which stem and leaf was decreased in large amplitude.During the earlier growing stage,leaves and shoots reduced a little larger than roots for the nitrate content of different plant tissue,and it manifested as leavesrootsstemstubers after tuber initiation stage.Nitrogen treatment was beneficial to N absorption and storage in stems during the earlier growing stage,and it could promote N transfer to leaves and tubers later.Nitrogen treatments increased potato yield by 19.28%~63.86%,among which ammonium nitrogen fertilizer had the most influential effect in N absorption,accumulation and distribution,and its yield was the highest,which reached 39 410.2 kg·hm-2.
Nitrogen fertilizer
Ammonium nitrate
Nitrogen deficiency
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The authors studied the growth intensity, the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in maize and pea plants under conditions of hydroponic culture. They found that RGR dropped by about 50% within 32 days of cultivation. The content (in mg/g dry weight) of nitrogen and potassium in maize, and of nitrogen and phosphorus in peas registered a substantial decrease, while the content of phosphorus in maize and that of potassium in peas exhibited a slight increase and a slight decrease towards the end of the experiments. The relative absorption rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in maize were maximum after 28 days of cultivation, while that of potassium reached a maximum immediately at the beginning; nitrogen and potassium absorption in peas reached maximum values after 28 to 30 days, whereas phosphorus was highest at the beginning. In the course of growth, the ratio of accumulated ions of N:P:K changed; maize accumulated relatively less potassium, and peas more nitrogen and potassium.
Dry weight
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In order to clarify the characteristics of potassium nutrition in super highly-yielding(≥ 9000 kg/ha) winter wheat,and to provide experimental basis for potassium application,field experiments were conducted in Gaocheng County,Hebei Province from 2004 to 2006.Four winter wheat cultivars,Shimai14,Shimai12,Jifeng703 and Shixin828 during 2004-2005,and four cultivars,Temai1,Shimai12,Shixin531 and Shixin828 during 2005-2006,were used as experimental cultivars.Plant samples were collected from the plots at different growth stages and used to determine potassium concentration in laboratory.The results show that the concentrations of potassium(K2O) in various above-ground organs of wheat are from 0.21% to 3.84%(dry weight) during the whole growing period.For the above-ground organs,the highest concentrations of potassium appear as early as they formed or at their early period of life,then the concentrations of potassium decrease until the maturity.The organs with the highest concentration of potassium succeed with the turnover of growth center at various growth stages.Before the anthesis,the accumulation amount and distribution percentage of potassium in leaf blades are the highest among all organs,and the distribution percentage of potassium in leaf blades can reach to 50% or higher before the jointing.After the anthesis,however,the accumulation amount and distribution percentage of potassium in stems are the highest,and the distribution percentage of potassium in stems are from 35.6%-45.3% at the maturity.The concentrations of potassium in various organs and the total accumulation amounts of potassium during the growing period for different wheat cultivars in a growing year are different,but usually insignificant,which indicate similar characteristics of potassium nutrition for different cultivars with the yield ≥ 9000 kg/ha.The total accumulation amount of potassium in wheat plants reaches the highest value 181.7-230.7 kg/ha at the anthesis.The amount of potassium required for the formation of 100 kg grain is from 2.0 to 2.6 kg.The potassium production efficiency(defined as the grain production per unit of K2O absorbed) is from 35.36-55.58 kg/kg.The period with the highest potassium absorption is from the double ridge to the anthesis and then the period from the seedling emergence to the double ridge,and after the anthesis,however,potassium presents negative accumulation.According to the characteristics of potassium nutrition,the potassium fertilizer amount applied for super highly-yielding winter wheat with a grain yield 9000 kg/ha should not be less than K2O 90 kg/ha under the conditions of straw returning to soil.
Anthesis
Potassium deficiency
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【Objectives】Characteristics of nitrogen( N),phosphorus( P) and potassium( K) uptakes of potato plants have been researched worldwide,but few did in Ningxia region. There are not necessary parameter for potato formula fertilization technology,resulting in blind fertilization in production practice. Therefore,characteristics of absorption and accumulation of N,P,and K nutrients were studied according to soil condition of potato planting bases in Ningxia for providing a scientific basis for the potato precise fertilization. 【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in potato bases in four counties of Ningxia in 2012. The fertilizer applying rates were made inaccordance with the local recommended fertilization. 70% nitrogen fertilizer,total farmyard manure and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are basal applied,and 30% nitrogen are topdressed at the budding period of potato. Plant samples were collected to test fresh weights and dry matters of different organs at different growth stages. The contents of N,P,and K in roots,stems,leaves and tubers were determined after the plant samples were dried at70℃. The dry matter accumulation of N,P and K was calculated. 【Results 】1) The amount of dry matter accumulation increases with potato growth period and can be modeled as a Logistic curve. The accumulated amounts of dry matter at the seedling,tuber formation,tuber bulking and starch accumulation stages account for 5%,20%,40% and 35% of total cumulative amount,respectively. 2) The nitrogen contents in potato plant decrease with potato growth and the coefficient of variation is high. The phosphorus and potassium contents in potato plant increase first and then decrease with potato growth,but the coefficients of variation are low. The highest contents of nitrogen and phosphorus are in leaves,while the highest potassium content in stems. 3) The absorptive amounts of N,P and K at the seedling stage account for about 11%,6% and 8% of the total amount in the whole stages,about 28%,23% and 31% at the tuber formation,and about 36%,39% and 41% at the tuber expansion stage,and about 25%,31% and 20% at the starch formation. The accumulation amounts of N and P in tubers account for more than 60% of the total accumulation at the maturity period and K about 50%. 【Conclusions】Under the tested soil condition,the accumulated amounts of dry matter and absorptive amounts of nutrients( N,P and K) by potato are different in different growth stages and potato organs. The accumulation of dry matter and absorption of nutrients of potato are in accordance with Logistic curves,showeing obvious stage characteristic for nutrients absorption. The nutrient absorption at the tuber expansion stage is the largest,and those at the tuber formation and starch accumulation stages are low. The ratios of N,P and K uptakes in roots,stems and leaves in the total uptake decrease with growth stage,while the ratios of uptakes of N,P and K in tubers increase,and the accumulated amounts of nutrients in tubers at the maturity account for more than half of the total nutrients in whole plant.
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Free-virus potato seed were used to investigate the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrition characteristics of Hui-2, a high yield potato cultivar. The result showed that the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) absorption rate in the leaves were kept paces with the dry matter accumulation rate which showed a double-peak curve , the peak appeared during the seedling to squaring stage and full flowering to late flowering stage respectively. The dry matter accumulation and nutrition absorption had a single-peak curve in the tubers and the peak appeared in wilting stage. Full-bloom stage to wilting stage was the main stage of dry matter formation and nutrition accumulation. Before the final flowering stage, the distribution of dry matter and nutrition in leaf was larger than in tuber, after that, the trend was reverse. The absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Hui-2 were nitrogen (N)∶ phosphorus (P2O5)∶potassium (K2O) = 1∶0.140∶1.919, that is, the absorption amount of N, P2O5, and K2O for formation of 500 kg tubers was (N) 2.756 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 0.310 kg and potassium (K2O) 4.256 kg respectively.
Wilting
Dry weight
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Field experiment was carried out to study the uptake and distribution of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in sweetpotato(Ningzi 1).The whole plants were sampled every fifteen days from transplanting to harvest to weigh the leaves,stems and roots.The results were showed as follows.A total of 11.24 kg of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was absorbed by sweetpotato for every 1 000 kg fresh tubers,with a ratio of N∶P2O5∶K2O at 1.00∶0.69∶2.32.The accumulations of N,P2O5,and K2O varied in different growth stages.The uptake of nitrogen mainly occured at the early and middle stage(within 60 d from transplanting),followed by a reduction in late period as the result of leaves falling.However,above 90% of the phosphorus and potassium were absorbed in the middle and late stage(from one month since transplanting to maturation).A minor difference in total uptakes of N,P,and K appeared between shoots and tuberous roots.The majority of nitrogen was accumulated by shoots,while tubers absorbed majority of phosphorus and potassium.The ratio of N∶P2O5 ∶K2O was 1.00∶0.60∶2.03 in shoots,and 1.00∶0.82∶2.69 in roots.The time period from 60-75 d after transplanting was the transition stage of source to sink.
Transplanting
Ipomoea
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The accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon in 30 rice genotypes and their relationships under field condition were studied. The results showed that dry matter accumulated at ripening stage linearly increased with increase of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon accumulation with highly significant correlation coefficients at both early and late season. At the same time balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon accumulation was beneficial for dry matter accumulation, which linearly increased with increase of nutrient balance index and decreased with increase of nutrient deviation index. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and silicon were accumulated at the rate of 3.76:1:4.55:7.10 at early season and 2.88:1:4.54:8.09 at late season. During growth period, dry matter accumulation was the highest at middle stage, then late stage and early stage. But nitrogen accumulation was the highest at early stage, then middle stage and late stage. The dry matter accumulated before heading was mainly distributed in stem and leaf sheath, with the highest ratio of stem and leaf sheath to total dry matter at heading stage. In contrast, nitrogen accumulated before heading was mainly distributed in leaf blade, and the ratio of nitrogen in leaf blade to total nitrogen was higher than that of dry matter at either growth stages. Dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus accumulated at ripening stage were mainly distributed in panicle with rates of 58.01%, 66.42% and 70.06%, respectively. But potassium accumulated at ripening stage was mainly distributed in stem and leaf sheath with the rate of 62.08%. Silicon was largely distributed in stem and leaf sheath at early season with the rate of 43.11%, but distributed largely in panicle at late season with the rate of 46.99%.
Panicle
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