Advances in Antifreeze Proteins Research
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Antifreeze proteins(AFPs),with the thermal hysteresis activity,are wildly distributed proteins which can change the growth and inhibit the recrystallization of the ice.The characteristics and structure as well as antifreeze molecular mechanisms of AFPs are reviewed in the article.Furthermore,the antifreeze gene and the application of AFPs are discussed.Keywords:
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Thermal hysteresis
Recrystallization (geology)
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Antifreeze proteins protect organisms from freeze by binding to the ice crystal, decreasing ice point and inhibiting ice recrystalization. In this paper, the structure, origin, function and antifreeze mechanisms of different antifreeze proteins and their recent applications in biotechnology are reviewed.
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Many organisms are exposed to subzero temperatures in nature and can survive these temperatures by the effect of antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which inhibit ice crystal growth and change the morphology of ice crystals. Although the effects of these proteins, such as recrystallization inhibition, ice growth inhibition, and crystal habit changes, are known, a conclusive description of the protein-ice crystal interaction including interaction energy, surface coverage, and lifetime of adsorbate has been elusive. In this study, different antifreeze protein constructs are designed and expressed such that they can be conjugated to polymers to increase the thermal hysteresis activity especially at low concentrations. Trimers of these proteins are also constructed using a foldon domain attached to their C-terminus. New constructs of type I and type III antifreeze proteins yield significantly higher thermal hysteresis activities than the native protein. Furthermore, we determine the binding equilibrium constant for a type III fish antifreeze protein and the relationship between thermal hysteresis and surface coverage for this protein. This is possible using experimental data from a two-domain antifreeze protein and its related single domain protein. The classical Langmuir isotherm is used to
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Thermal hysteresis
Supercooling
Protein crystallization
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Antifreeze proteins(AFPs) protect the organism from freezing injury by preventing the growth of ice crystals.AFPs have great significance both in biology and application.So far,AFPs have been found in fishes,terrestrial arthropods,plants and microorganisms.Based on a systemic literature investigation and statistic analysis of AFPs data from the internet,we reviewed features of different types of AFPs,summarized the history and the latest remarkable progress about the research of AFPs mechanism.In addition,we presented current progress on the prediction of AFPs.At last,we prospected the future research direction of AFPs.
Antifreeze protein
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Antifreeze proteins(AFPs) are the thermal hysteresis proteins that have the ability to modify the growth and inhibit the recrystallization of the ice.Antifreeze proteins aroused great interests of many researchers due to its special structure and functions.In this article,the recent advance in antifreeze protein was reviewed,and the types,properties,measurements,gene structures of antifreeze protein,and its applications in food industry were introduced.The application trials indicated that antifreeze protein could significantly improve the qualities of frozen foods,which suggested the potential food additives of antifreeze protein in future frozen food industry.
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Thermal hysteresis
Recrystallization (geology)
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Studies on insect antifreeze proteins have focused on several species, so far over twenty antifreeze proteins (AFPs) had been isolated. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge of antifreeze protein structure, composition, bioactivity, biosynthesis and the application of these substances. The secondary structure of AFPs is mainly β sheet and turns and their most striking feature is the occurance of cysteines every six residues throughout their length. Almost all Cys residues are disulfide bridged, which imposes significant structural constraints. Understanding the factors that affect AFP activity, such as activating proteins and low molecular solutes, is important for further progress in AFP research.
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) were a kind of protein or glycoprotein which inhibited the growth of ice crystals. In last 3 decades,it had been discovered in polafish,overwintering insects,and then in plants.It included AFGP,AEPⅠ,AFPⅡ,AEPⅢand AFPⅣ.In this paper,biochemical characteristics,antifreeze mechanism,applications of antifreeze proteins as well as genetic engineering were reviewed.
Antifreeze protein
Antifreeze
Overwintering
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