The Relationship between the Expression of Isoprene Metabolic Pathway Genes and Gutta-percha Rubber Contents in Eucommia ulmoides Olive.
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Currently,the gutta-percha rubber contents of leaves,bark and samara of 15-year old Eucommia ulmoides tree were quantified,and the gene expression levels of EuDXR1,EuDXR2,EuDXS1,EuDXS2,EuHMGR,EuIPPS,EuFPS,and EuGGPPS of the corresponding tissues were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR(qPCR) in isoprene metabolic pathway. The results showed that the accumulation of gum gradually increased with the growth of leaves,bark and samara. From June to September,the gum contents of the leaves and bark in pistillate /staminate trees,and the samara in pistillate accumulated quickly. The gum contents of pistillate and staminate leaves were 2. 31% and 1. 96%,respectively,and that in barks were9. 83% and 9. 02%,respectively. The gum content of samara was 12. 6%. Then,the net accumulation of gum decreased,and the contents of pistillate and staminate got their ceilings in November. The gum content of pistillate and staminate leaves were 2. 64% and 2. 41%,respectively,and that in barks were 12. 6% and 12.04%,respectively. The gum content of samara reached its peak(14. 1%) in October. The expression levels of eight genes increased with the growth of leaves,bark and samara,particularly,the expressions of EuIPPS,EuFPS,and EuGGPPS were highly significantly correlated to the gum contents,which justified that gum accumulation were closely related to the synthase gene expression of precursor,as well as precursor content in Eucommia organs.Keywords:
Eucommia ulmoides
Samara
Gymnosperm
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The content of rutin,amino acids and mineral elements from flower buds and leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees and grafted trees were measured according to the national standards.The result showed that the contents of rutin and different nutritional factors exhibited a significant difference(p0.05) among different group of flower buds and leaves.The rutin was determined both in the flower buds and leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees and grafted trees,which was ranged from 2.12% to 25.30%.Meanwhile,totally 18 essential and non-essential amino acids both in the flower buds and leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees and grafted trees were detected and the total amino acids were rich.The contents of the most of essential amino acids met the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)/Word Health Organization(WHO) standard.According to nutrition evaluation of amino acid score(AAS) and chemical score(CS),the Trp,Met and Cys were limited amino acids both in flower buds and leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees and grafted trees.The essential amino acids index(EAAI) was ranged from 46.33 to 68.01,was in order as the leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling treesthe flower buds of Sophora japonica L.in grafted trees the flower buds of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees the leaves of Sophora japonica L.in grafted trees.In addition,larger amount of minerals were also determined both in the flower buds and leaves of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees and grafted trees,and the top composition of these major elements were K and Ca,which were ranged 751.85~1672.45 and 481.38~2591.36mg/100g,respectively.Most of the content of mineral elements in flower buds of Sophora japonica L.in seedling trees were higher than that in grafted trees.
Sophora
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In order to provide reference for determining the best conditions of harvest for Magnolia officinalis var.biloba Rehd.etWils,high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was performed to separate chlorogenic acid,rutin,hyperoside,quercetin,quercitroside,honokiol and magnolol from different parts of the trees from the same original regions but with different ages.Standard curves and regression equations were set up to analyze the accumulation of the above seven secondary metabolites in the leaves,branch skins,stem skins and root skins.Their accumulation differed considerably with increasing tree age.Chlorogenic acid,rutin,hyperoside,quercetin and quercitroside were found to be contained mainly in the leaves and branch skins of young trees,and the content change was not obvious between 7-year-old and 26-year-old trees.Magnolol and honokiol were mainly contained in the bark(or skin) structure of M.biloba and were the richest in the root skins,followed by the stem skins and the branch skins.In 7-to 13-year-old plants,their accumulation increased significantly with increasing tree age.However,in 13-to 26-year-old plants,their accumulation did not increase significantly with tree age.In conclusion,the optimum time for harvesting M.biloba is when the tree is around 13-year-old.
Magnolia officinalis
Magnolol
Hyperoside
Chlorogenic Acid
Honokiol
Platycladus
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This study was conducted to find to change of component by different species, plant parts and growth stage of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Among the species of peony, the contents of compounds was higher in cultivated peony (P. lactiflora P.) as compared with wild peony (P. japonica M., P. obobata M., P. anomala L.). Amount of methyl gallate was highest in 0.45% at Euisung jakyak. Amount of compounds in peony was the highest in 1.0% at paeoniflorin, followed by methyl gallate, astragalin and kaempferol in order. Contents of compounds with different growth stage were observed highest in April, and showed decreased trend in the later growth stage. Methyl gallate was present in 1.79% at petal, 0.56% at leaf and 0.01% at root, astragalin present at 0.27% at petal, 0.20% at leaf and 0.03% at root, and paeoniflorin present at 0.43% at petal, 1.09% at leaf and 2.52% at root.
Paeonia lactiflora
Paeoniflorin
Petal
Astragalin
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The parts of leaves, flowers and stems in ginseng were obtained for analyzing the component of saponin on 15th April, 25th April, 5th May, 25th May, which were considered as ginseng foliation stage. The total saponin content of the leaves were 97.29, 66.42, 67.61, 36.24 mg/g, respectively, in which the content of Re, and Rd were more than 2/3 amount of total saponin. Especially, the saponin content of leaves decreased according to the sequential collection days, in which the similar results were observed from the flowers and stems of ginseng. The total saponin content of the flowers and stems were 141.09,143.84,139.25,133.47 and 13.32, 9.85, 8.00, 4.65 mg/g, respectively. Among them, the content of Re, Rd and in flowers were more than 2/3 while the content of Re, and Rd in stems showed more than 9/10 amount of total saponin. The total saponin content of individual leaf were 19.46, 28.56, 58.82 and 169.24 mg/plant, 2.53, 2.76, 5.20 and 12.32 mg/plant in stems, and 14.11, 30.21, 37.60 and 73.41 mg/plant in flowers. Therefore, the total saponin content of aboveground parts in ginseng were leaves > flowers > stems.
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The depressor component was extracted from leaves of Eucommia ulmodies (turpentine alcohol biglucoside).The Leaves had the same pharmacological activity as barks identified by silica gel thinlayer and infrared rays spectrum et al. The comparative study was made on contents of leaves at different age, season and fresh leaves or fallen leaves.The results indicated that the contents of leaves had no difference between fifteen and ten years,but the contents were lower under ten years,with about half of the ten years. No difference was observed for contents of leaves in summer and autumn.The fallen leaves had very low contents, with only one third of fresh leaves and couldn't be used instead of bark.
Turpentine
Eucommia ulmoides
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To reveal the seasonal variation rule of several major active components contents in leaves of Eucommia ulmoides,the contents of three major leaf active components in Eucommia ulmoides leaves of different growth periods were detected by RP-HPLC.The results show that relatively evident seasonal variation was observed in the three major components.The average contents of geniposidic acid and chlorogenic acid were detected highest in leaves batch of June 5th,while content of geniposide were detected highest in leaves batch of may 5th.Under comprehensively considered the contents of three active constituents and the yield of leaf,when the GPA,CA,GP were the main using objects,the suitable harvesting period was range from June 20th to July 20th.
Eucommia ulmoides
Chlorogenic Acid
Harvest time
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In this paper,through measuring the density of the gutta-containing cell in Eucommia ulmodies oliv.(du zhong)leaves,the results are as follows: in different clones,the density of the gutta-containing cell(GC.)reach their maximum in mid-July;Between male plant and female plant from the same place,the male plant's not all smaller than the density of the gutta-containing cell of the female plant.
Plant Density
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Eucommia ulmoides
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Objective:To observe the variety trend of eucommoil in Eucommia ulmoides leaves for determining the optimal harvest time of E.ulmoides leaves.Methods:The amounts of eucommoil in E.ulmoides leaves collected at different time were measured by HPLC.Results:Significant differences of eucommoil were observed among the different collecting time of E.ulmoides leaves.Conclusion:The eucommoil in E.ulmoides leaves is highest in mid-September(1.450%) and lowest in May(0.173%).The optimal harvest time is about mid-September.
Eucommia ulmoides
Harvest time
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