Research on Rural Environmental Problems with either Strong Externalities or Weak Externalities and Corresponding Management Methods
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Based on differences of externalities’ reaches,rural environment problems are categorized into two major types: environment problems with weak externalities and those with strong externalities.These two types of environmental problems need to be managed through different approaches.The authors argue that rural environment problems with weak externalities should be solved by internal cooperation within small groups,while rural environmental problems with strong externalities should be solved by supervision that imposes outside rewards and punishments on small groups.Keywords:
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The connection of transport and externalities is currently very up - to - date. The transport has very significant role in the economy of each state. Secondary and undesirable effects of transport are characterized like differences between, what users - an individual pays in charges and among costs, which are implicated to other users of transport or entire society. These effects are generally considered as externalities. To influence, reduce, or modify amount of effects, but at the same time not to defend society development with regard on sustainable development, is one of fundamental principles and objectives for developed society, state institutions, scientific workplaces etc. The paper deals with externalities research in the context of transport.
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This paper is concerned with the economics of urban externalities. We start by reviewing the literature on urban externalities, and observe that although many interesting contributions have been made, there seems to be sufficient scope and need for further research, both theoretically and empirically. We identify what we believe to be important advances to be pursued in future research on urban externalities. These include (1) the explicit consideration of mutual interactions between externalities; (2) a thorough analysis of the relationship between these externalities and urban form; and (3) a clear focus on (realistic) second-best policies. The importance of these issues is illustrated by developing a simple urban general equilibrium model in which we study the interactions between agglomeration externalities and pollution from commuting. Our results show that seemingly impossible findings from a non-spatial perspective, namely a simultaneous stimulation of agglomeration externalities and a reduction of environmental externalities, is in fact the outcome of first-best policies in our spatial model. Moreover, while the incentives from road pricing and labour subsidies would seem to be perfectly opposite in a non-spatial setting, leaving one of the two instruments redundant, our results show that their welfare effects may, in contrast, turn out to be strongly super-additive when a spatial perspective is taken.
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Urban economics
Scope (computer science)
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Journal Article The Theory of Environmental Policy. Externalities, public outlays and the quality of life, The Theory of Economic Externalities. The control of environmental pollution and similar socialcosts Get access The Theory of Environmental Policy. Externalities, public outlays and the quality of life. By W.J. BAUMOL and W. E. OATES. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice- Hall, 1975. Pp. xii + 272.)The Theory of Economic Externalities. The control of environmental pollution and similar socialcosts. By J. E. MEADE. (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1973. Pp. 92. Dfl. 22.) David Collard David Collard University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 339, 1 September 1975, Pages 655–656, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230921 Published: 01 September 1975
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Environmental Quality
Environmental Pollution
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The paper makes an economic analysis on features of environmental externalities,proposes that we should use knowledge of economics,ethics and politics comprehensively,based on high efficiency and so on,take positive measures to deal with the issue of environmental externalities.
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Economic Analysis
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The paper examines the issue of designing and implementing policy measures to control complex agricultural externalities. Complex externalities refer to the situation where a production (firm on firm) externality coexists with a detrimental (firm on society) externality. The paper identifies the optimal solution for complex externalities, which is a combination of spatially differentiated taxes. However, severe information requirements render the first-best policy infeasible. Finally, a likely voluntary scheme based on firm self-report is examined which may enforce firm compliance with the optimal policy.
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Abstract Growing load and deterioration of the environment can be interpreted as a result of some external effects interventions. While the positive externalities influence the positive productional and utilizational functions of other subjects, the negative externalities influence the negative ones. Both types of external effects can act as parcial or global externalities. Linking of environmental issues to economy and finance is an important sphere.
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Environmental Quality
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Collective Action
Private good
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This paper examines the theoretical impacts of spatial externalities whose marginal impacts decline with distance, referred to as “edge effect externalities”. A simple one dimensional model appropriate for analysis of policy measures and the potential for bargaining between affected agents is outlined, and the production impacts of this class of externalities are illustrated. Edge effect externalities create an incentive for the recipient to distance himself from the generator. Further, they imply that land use fragmentation will lead to non-linear declines in production possibilities. Due to the potential for asymmetric positive externalities between recipients, bargaining may be required to achieve the optimal arrangement, as well as allocation, of land uses.
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Fragmentation
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Externalities represent a market failure situation and they appear when one person´s activities influence other person´s welfare in a way that is outside the market mechanism. In contrast to the effects transmitted by market prices, externalities negatively affect the economic efficiency. They arise in everyday life and are noticed only if the effects are obvious. Ronald Coase´s approach started from the premises that externalities can be internalized. His model provides private sector means to defend against market failure. Coase´s solution to internalize externalities based on negotiation between the involved parties, given the property rights, has influenced the free market approach of market failures and today many economists consider that governments should work with the market and not against it using taxes and regulations. In the mainstream literature it is said that if for small local externalities the private sector can find solutions to solve problems, big scale externalities, such as global warming, need government intervention. As far as the last ones are concerned, we can talk about: a) the Pigouvian tax, which is a tax levied on polluting activities; b) the Pigouvian subsidy, given to those who suffer from negative externalities; c) the subsidy paid to individuals or firms to conduct activities with positive externalities; d) legal regulations, such as limits for emitting polluters and restrictions regarding the time of day or year when negative externalities can be legally produced.
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