[Effects of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPZP) on soil nitrification].
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With aerobic incubation test, this paper studied the effects of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPZP) on soil nitrification, taking dicyandiamide (DCD) as reference. The results indicated that when the dosage was 1.0% of applied N, DMPZP could significantly inhibit the oxidation of soil ammonium, increase soil NH4+ -N concentration, and decrease soil NO3- -N concentration. The inhibitory effect of DMPZP increased with its increasing dosage. DCD showed a higher efficacy when its dosage was the same with DMPZP, but a lower efficacy when the DMPZP was applied two-fold. However, the efficacy of equimolar DMPZP was significantly higher than that of DCD, because of the smaller molecular weight of DCD. The highest inhibitory effect of DMPZP was observed during the period of 7-14 days after its application, with an inhibition rate higher than 30%. Compared with the control, the apparent inhibition rate was decreased by 29.3% and 41.7% on the 7th day, and by 18.6% and 34.3% on the 14th day when the application rate of DMPZP was 1.0% and 2.0% of applied N, respectively. DMPZP could also slow down the falling rate of soil pH, but no significant difference was observed between the treatments of applying DMPZP and DCD.Keywords:
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Abstract An incubation experiment was conducted on sandy clay loam soil treated with ammonium sulfate to study the effect of gamma irradiation (100, 200, and 300 krad) and dicyandiamide (DCD, 5 and 10 ppm) as nitrification inhibitors during 12 weeks of incubation under plastic-house conditions. The nitrification process decreased by either gamma irradiation or DCD treatment of soil. In the soil treated with DCD, there were no significant differences between a concentration of 5 and 10 ppm during the period of incubation. In the soil irradiates with 300 krad, the nitrification rate was significantly lower compared with that in the DCD treatment at concentration of 5 and 10 ppm. Nitrification inhibition was low when the soil was subjected to gamma irradiation and DCD treatment during a period of 4 weeks but the inhibition increased after 6 weeks of incubation.
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Ammonium sulfate
Gamma Irradiation
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Abstract The nitrification inhibitor was added to a submerged soil system to check loss of the ammonified N through nitrification denitrification. The presence of nitrapyrin significantly raised the recovery of NH+ 4‐N released during the 2 weeks of incubation at 30°C for soils having near neutral to alkaline pH probably by preventing nitrification. The levels of mineralizable NH+ 4 obtained using a modified version of the incubation method were comparable with those obtained by incubation of the submerged soil samples under an atmosphere of N2. Our results emphasize the importance of exclusion of air from the soil‐water system during waterlogged incubation of soils for preventing the loss of ammonified N by nitrification and denitrification. It is suggested that this can be achieved either by incubation of the soils under an atmosphere of inert gases such as N2 or possibly by the use of a nitrification inhibitors such as Nitrapyrin.
Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification
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The study with soil incubation test under constant temperature and humidity showed that compared with DCD, DL-1 could significantly inhibit the oxidation of soil ammonium. In the first 3 weeks of incubation, DL-1 had an inhibitory effect of >70% on soil nitrification, with the best effect during 14-28 d of incubation. On the 14, 21, and 28 d of incubation, DL-1 with its dosage being 1.0 % of (NH4)2SO4-N decreased the soil NO3- -N content by 26.23%, 33.27% and 23.31%, respectively, compared with the same dosage of DCD, and by 71.12%, 69.10% and 55.14%, respectively, compared with no inhibitors applied. When the dosage of DL-1 accounted for 2.0% of applied N, soil nitrification was strongly inhibited, and soil NO3- -N content remained at a lower level till to the end (90 d) of incubation.
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Phosphorite
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Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonium sulfate
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Microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate may impose dangers to ecosystem functioning through soil and atmosphere contamination with end products or intermediate gases. A wide range of chemicals can inhibit nitrification under soil and laboratory conditions. In the present study, the effectiveness of chloride compared to 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as a standard nitrification inhibitor was evaluated. The results showed that DMPP (especially with double concentrations) inhibited nitrification for a longer time, until the end of incubation period. Chloride in the form of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) or potassium chloride (KCl) also significantly inhibited nitrification compared to the control during the 7-week incubation period. This inhibition was positively correlated with applied chloride concentrations in soil. During a 5-week incubation period, the strongest concentration (500 mg/kg soil) showed more inhibition than concentrations of 250 or 100 mg/kg soil, particularly when compared to control. The results suggest that beside commercial nitrification inhibitors, chloride can significantly inhibit microbial nitrification in soil. Therefore, when chloride is not a soil problem, the chloride form of nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., ammonium chloride) could be a proper nitrogen fertilizer.
Ammonium chloride
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A laboratory procedure for evaluating the effect of pesticides on nitrification in soil proved to be simple to perform, reproducible, and offers a procedure for rapid screening of a large number of chemicals in a short period. The recovery of added nitrate by extracting with distilled water was essentially 100% complete. The conversion of added ammonium to nitrate by the soil microorganisms was nearly complete after the 2-week incubation period. Nitrification in soil treated with several different herbicides and insecticides was determined by our procedure. A nitrification inhibitor, N-Serve 3 (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine) was included as a standard. None of the herbicides or insecticides inhibited nitrification and the N-Serve completely inhibited nitrification during the 2-week incubation.
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Distilled water
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Struvite
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An incubation pot experiment was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania to study the effects of times of contact and rates of Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) applied to a Kanhaplic Haplustult on the release of P from the MPR. The soil was mixed with MPR at rates equivalent to 0.0, 25.0, 37.5, 50.0 and 75.0 mg PI kg soil. The incubation periods were 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The moisture content of the soil in the pots was maintained at about field capacity during the incubation periods using distilled water. Release of P from the MPR increased with increase in MPR rates and incubation periods. The interaction between incubation periods and MPR rates explained about 86.8% of the variation in P release from the MPR. MPR rates accountedfor 76.6% of the release of P, while incubation periods accounted for 10.3% of the dissolution. The soil pH and extractable Ca were found to increase slightly with increase in MPR rates but decreased with increase in incubation periods. The exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al decreased with increase in MPR rates, and slightly increased with incubation periods. Keywords: Minjingu phosphate rock, Kanhaplic Hapluslult, Bray-I-P, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable AI, exchangeable Ca, soil pH, P-release Tanzania J.Agric.Sc . (2006) Vol.7 No.1, 8-15
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Distilled water
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