Changes in Polyamine and Tyramine Concentrations in Rice(Oryza sativa L.) during Maturation and Preharvest Sprouting
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The levels of polyamines were measured to investigate the alternative nitrogen metabolism during maturation and sprouting in rice. The rice plants (cv. Ansanbyeo) were cultivated in 20-year-old non-fertilized field. The flag leaves and spikes were collected weekly after the earing stage and the seeds were harvested daily after lodging. Free, bound, and conjugated polyamines were analyzed using reverse phase HPLC. Putrescine, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and tyramine were the major amines found in rice. The level of stress-induced amine, putrescine increased during the preharvest sprouting confirming that the process was a stress to the plants. With all other polyamines, tyramine in free form decreased in flag leaves and panicles during seed maturation. However, agmatine in bound form showed a noticeable increase about 8-fold during 6 weeks period of maturation after which it declined to the bottom level. Among the individual amines, tyramine and spermine in conjugated form showed a marked change during matutation and sprouting. Interestingly, the level of tyramine with all conjugated polyamine decreased in spikes during seed maturation and increased during preharvest sprouting implying that tyrosine decarboxyation and conjugation to phenolic acids may play a key role in preharvest sprouting. Spermine in conjugated form was synthesized only at the early earing stage in the level of fresh weight, and then decreased to the level of nmole during maturation. Thereafter, it dramatically increased to 2.8 mole during preharvest sprouting. In this study we found the tyramine is a major amine in rice, and it would play a critical role in N-assimilation during seed maturation and sprouting.Keywords:
Preharvest
Sprouting
Tyramine
Polyamine
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Polyamine
Senescence
Arginine decarboxylase
Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
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The endogenous polyamines of pollen of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, under three different physiological states, i.e., fresh, stored, and germinated, were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The total amount of the three polyamines [putrescine (Put.), spermidine (Spd.) and spermine (Spm.)] was greater in pollen stored at 0℃ for two years than in fresh pollen. After germination, the total polyamine content remained almost unchanged. In all three cases, the content of spermidine was higher than that of putrescne and spermine (Table 1).
Effects of putrescine and spermine on germinatioa and tube elongation were studied in various plants. Spermine at concentrations higher than 5 μg/m l significantly inhibited pollen germination and tube growth. The inhibition increased with concentration. The effect of spermine on pollen germination differed with plant species, and the degree of pollen ripeness. Fully ripe or rapidly germinating pollen was inhibited to a lesser degree than not fully ripe or slowly germinating one (Fig. 2 and Table 2). The inhibiting effect of spermine was reduced when borate was added to the medium. Putrescine did not show any marked effect on either germination or tube elongationof pollen.
Polyamine
Elongation
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Polyamine
Growth inhibition
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Polyamine
Arginine decarboxylase
Nodule (geology)
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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential effect of polyamine induction (putrescence, spermidine and spermine) in bean plants on control of rust disease caused by Uromyces appendiculatus under both greenhouse and field conditions. Three concentrations, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM of putrescine, ornithine and arginine were used as precursors of diamine putrescence, the triamine spermidine and tetraamine spermine. In the greenhouse, the disease severity and the number of pustules and uredospores were substantially reduced by all tested concentrations of polyamines precursors. At the same time, spraying of precursors of polyamines led to significant increases in levels of free putrescence, spermine and spermidine during the 21 days of experimental period. Meanwhile, treated leaves also exhibited significant increase in the amount of soluble conjugated putrescence, spermidine and spermine. These changes were accompanied by significant increase in the activity of soluble ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) during the 21 days of experimental period. Polyamines concentrations, ODC activity and PAO activity were greatly decreased in inoculated control treatment. Levels of free, soluble conjugated polyamines, ODC activity and PAO activity were greatly increased following treatment with putrescine at 1 mM. Moreover, significant increases in activities of plant defence related enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, free and conjugated phenol contents and pathogen related proteins were recorded in treated plants compared with untreated infected plants. In field trials, twice application of precursor of polyamines led to a significant reduction in rust disease infection and the number of pustules and uredospores during growth periods. Significant increases in growth characters and final yield were obtained in comparison with the untreated control. The most effective treatment was putrescine at 0.5 and 1.0 mM. However, high effect was also obtained by ornithine and arginine at 1.0 and 1.5 mM. It is concluded that the potential activity of these compounds may be related to the accumulation of diamine putrescence and polyamines spermidine and spermine and specifically to their toxicity and role in resistance. It was suggested that induction of polyamines may become a promising new approach for controlling rust disease of bean plants.
Polyamine
Polyamine oxidase
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Polyamine oxidase
Polyamine
Kinetin
Arginine decarboxylase
Viability assay
Alternative oxidase
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The effects of exogenous ethylene generated by solid ethylene-releasing agents on carbohydrate metabolism and sprouting in potato tubers at 15 °C were investigated in this study. Potato tubers were randomly divided into 4 groups, and treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3 bags of solid ethylene-releasing agents. The initial time of potato tuber sprouting and sprouting index were recorded. The rate of respiration, total sugar, total reducing sugar, starch, fructose, glucose, and sucrose content during the sprouting were determined. Our result indicated that exogenous ethylene inhibited the sprouting of potato tubers (sprout index from 0.583 to 1.125), whereas little effect on the initial time of sprouting was observed. Moreover, exogenous ethylene enhanced respiration slightly (less than 8.2%), elevated the total sugar (from 17.73 to 32.58 mg/g) and reduced sugar levels (from 0.23 to 4.43 mg/g). Nevertheless, the starch, glucose, and fructose content varied minimally. The sucrose content was decreased significantly by exogenous ethylene. Therefore, exogenous ethylene treatment could inhibit the potato sprouting process, and a dose-dependent relationship was observed between exogenous ethylene and sprouting index. The inhibitory effect of sprouting was related to carbohydrate metabolism, including changes in the total sugar, total reducing sugar, and sucrose content, to some extent.
Sprouting
Reducing sugar
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Polyamine
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Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were found in seeds of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Antonovka), in amounts that increased in the order given. The levels slowly decreased during 30 days of stratification. Exogenous polyamines (PAs) affected germination of isolated embryos in a way dependent on the type of polyamine, its concentration, and the state of the embryo dormancy. The effect of Put and Spd on germination was stimulatory, while that of Spm was inhibitory. Stimulation of germination was also observed when embryos were treated with arginine, ornithine and methionine. Canavanine inhibited germination, and this effect was reversed by arginine or Put. Ethephon, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) present during seed stratification had no effect on the levels of endogenous PAs. Put and Spd did not change ethylene production, neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germination, whereas Spm reduced ethylene evolution. The data suggest that Spm plays a role in the maintenance of dormancy by preventing ethylene production, while Put and Spd participate in dormancy removal, independently of ethylene.
Ethephon
Malus
Imbibition
Polyamine
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Agmatine
Polyamine
Sinapis
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