Possible Structural Implications of 20 Mutations in the Protein C Protease Domain
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Summary Analysis of naturally occurring protein mutations yields valuable insights into functionally important sequences. Characterizing mutations responsible for protein C deficiency at the molecular level has been the subject of intensive investigation. In a previous study, a three-dimensional model of the serine protease domain of protein C was used to analyze the set of protease domain mutations previously available. The mutations were largely found to fall into a limited number of categories. A recently updated protein C mutation data base has provided a number of new mutations which have been analyzed for structural predictions.Keywords:
Mutation Testing
Mutation testing is a technique for unit-testing software that, although powerful, is computationally expensive. The principal expense of mutation is that many variants of the test program, called mutants, must be repeatedly executed. Selective mutation is a way to approximate mutation testing that saves execution by reducing the number of mutants that must be executed. The authors report experimental results that compare selective mutation testing to standard, or nonselective, mutation testing. The results support the hypothesis that selective mutation is almost as strong as nonselective mutation. In experimental trials, selective mutations provide almost the same coverage as nonselective mutation, with significant reductions in cost. >
Mutation Testing
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Traditionally, mutation testing is used as test set generation and/or test evaluation criteria once it is considered a good fault model. This paper uses mutation testing for evaluating an automated static analyzer. Since static analyzers, in general, report a substantial number of false positive warnings, the intention of this study is to define a prioritization approach of static warnings based on their correspondence with mutations. On the other hand, knowing that Mutation Test has a high application cost, another possibility is to try to identify mutations of some specific mutation operators, which an automatic static analyzer is not adequate to detect. Therefore, this information can be used to prioritize the order of incrementally applying mutation operators considering, firstly, those with no correspondence with static warnings. In both cases, contributing to the establishment of incremental strategies on using automatic static analysis or mutation testing or even a combination of them. We used mutation operators as a fault model to evaluate the direct correspondence between mutations and static warnings. The main advantage of using mutation operators is that they generate a large number of programs containing faults of different types, which can be used to decide the ones most probable to be detected by static analyzers. We provide evidences on the correspondence between mutations and some types of static warnings. The results obtained for a set of 19 open-source programs indicate that: 1) static warnings may be prioritized based on their correspondence level with mutations; 2) specific set of mutation operators and their mutations may be prioritized based on their correspondence level with warnings. It is possible to provide an incremental testing strategy aiming at reducing the cost of both static analysis and mutation testing using the correspondence information between these activities/artifacts.
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Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Molecular mass
Proteolytic enzymes
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SUMMARY Because of the computationally expensive cost of mutation testing, automated system support is indispensable for conducting mutation testing. Mutation systems can be classified into interpretive and noninterpretive, but recent systems are noninterpretive. Weak mutation is a well‐known cost reduction method of mutation testing, but it is not directly applicable to noninterpretive mutation systems. To address the problem and take advantage of the efficiency of weak mutation, this paper presents a combined weak and strong mutation for noninterpretive Java mutation systems. The new term ‘serialmutant’ is defined as a specialized program to conduct weak mutation against all mutants in an execution and report only weakly killed mutants as strong mutation candidates. Then strong mutation is conducted only for those reported mutants. The paper also describes an implementation based on a previous Java mutation tool, MuJava. Method‐level mutation operators for Java are also redesigned. Experimental results show that the proposed approach efficiently improves the mutation cost in a noninterpretive mutation system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Objective To detect the partial molecular characteristics of a novel fibrinolytic protease from the coelomic fluid of Nereis virens identified and purified to homogeneity.Methods The fibrinolytic protease was purified with anion and cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography.The identification of fibrinolytic activity and active distributed curve had been assessed by method of fibrin plate.Its apparent molecular weight and isoelectric point were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE).The effects of several protease inhibitors on the protease activity were examined,and its protease type was identified.Results A novel and single chain fibrinolytic protease was purified effectively.Its apparent molecular weight and isoelectric point were 29 000 and 4.5,respectively.The proteolytic activity peaked at pH 7.8 and 45℃.The protease was completely inhibited by DFP and PMSF,assessing as a serine protease.Conclusion From the coelomic fluid of Nereis virens,a novel and single chain serine protease with more strong fibrinolytic activity is discovered.The fibrinolytic protease has a medical value for preventing and treating thrombosis.
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Mutation analysis has been applied to many testing problems, including functional programs in numerous languages, specifications, network protocols, web services, and security policies. Program mutation, where mutation analysis is applied to programs, has been applied to the unit level (functions and methods), integration of pairs of functions, and individual classes. However, program mutation has not been applied to the problem of testing multiple classes or entire software programs, that is, there is no system level mutation. This paper introduces a project on the problem of multi-class and system level mutation testing. The technical differences between using mutation to test single classes and multiple classes are explored, and new system level mutation operators are defined. A new execution style for detecting killed mutants, Flexible Weak Mutation, is introduced. A support tool, Bacterio, is currently under construction.
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Abstract Previously, we cloned a protease gene of Aeromonas sobria , determined its nucleotide sequence and established a method of purifying its product. In this study, we examined the properties of the purified protease. The protease was temperature‐labile and had an optimal pH of 7.5. Metallo‐protease inhibitors and a cysteine protease inhibitor did not block the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. The treatment with reagents to modify sulfhydryl group did not reduce the activity. But, serine protease inhibitors did, showing that it was a serine protease. Subsequently, we examined the ability of the protease to enhance vascular permeability in dorsal skin. The protease showed activity and the reaction was inhibited by a simultaneously injected antihistaminic agent. Histopathological examination showed that mast cells appeared around the site where the protease was injected. These findings show that the vascular permeability‐enhancing effect of the protease is due to histamine released at the site. Furthermore, we found that a soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) did not block the proteolytic action of the protease in vitro , but inhibited its vascular permeability‐enhancing activity in skin. This suggests that a trypsin‐like protease from skin mediates the activity of the protease to enhance its vascular permeability.
MASP1
Cysteine protease
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
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Various forms of selective mutation testing have long been accepted as valid approximations to full mutation testing. This paper presents counterevidence to traditional selective mutation. The recent development of dominator mutants and minimal mutation analysis lets us analyze selective mutation without the noise introduced by the redundancy inherent in traditional mutation. We then exhaustively evaluate all small sets of mutation operators for the Proteum mutation system and determine dominator mutation scores and required work for each of these sets on an empirical test bed. The results show that all possible selective mutation approaches have poor dominator mutation scores on at least some of these programs. This suggests that to achieve high performance with respect to full mutation analysis, selective approaches will have to become more sophisticated, possibly by choosing mutants based on the specifics of the artifact under test, that is, specialized selective mutation.
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Suppressor mutation
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