Study on the micromorphology of leaf lower epidermis of Aniselytron
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The micromorphology of the leaf lower epidermis for 19 species belonging to Aniselytron and its related genera of Poaceae were observed by scanning electron microscope. The result showed that the epidermal structure of Aniselytron and its related genera contained long cells,short cells,subsidiary cells and prickle-hairs et al. The appearance and distribution of them were inconsistent. The intercostal long cells in Aniselytron were rhomboid,and the long cell outlines were straight. The intercostal short cells occurred solitary or together with prickles. The shapes of silica cells in costal zones were nodular. Parallel-shaped subsidiary cells were found,and prickles frequently occurred both in costal and intercostal zones. The micromorphology characteristics of leaf epidermis revealed that Aniselytron was closely related to Poeae,and a distantly related to Calamagrostis s. l.,Agrostideae and Aveneae. According to the micromorphology of the leaf lower epidermis,we draw the conclusion that Aniselytron should be placed in Poeae.Keywords:
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Camellia
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Abstract Myoporum bontioides A. Gray (Myoporaceae), a red list plant in Japan, is restricted to only a few East Asian countries like China, Japan and Taiwan, associated to some true mangroves. The leaf is isolateral and has a thick cuticle; stomata are anomocytic, sunken and have a beak‐shaped cuticular outgrowth at the inner and outer side of the stomatal pore (ledges); profuse glandular hairs are scattered on both leaf surfaces of young leaves. The mesophyll is compact with palisade and spongy parenchyma cells in the young stage, but at maturity profuse intercellular spaces can be observed. Secretory ducts occur in young leaves. Pear‐shaped glandular hairs protrude from the epidermal layer. Hair primordia are well distinct by their larger size and undergo divisions to produce two laterally placed basal cells, two stalk cells and four radiating terminal cells. The cuticle layers of the terminal cells are often separated from the cell wall to form a space, in which ions accumulate for excretion. Inner walls of the basal cells are connected with the mesophyll. Though ontogeny and structure of glandular hairs have resemblance to typical mangroves, considering leaf micromorphology, this plant is better termed as “mangrove associate” instead of “true mangrove”. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cuticle (hair)
Primordium
Spongy tissue
Parenchyma
Epidermis (zoology)
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The leaf anatomical structure and microstructure of 4 Amaryllidaceae species,Zephyranthes Herb.of Z.candida(Lindl.) Herb.,Lycoris Herb.,of L.radiata Herb.,Narcissus L.of N.tazetta L.var.chinensis Roem and Hippeastrum Herb.of H.rutilum(Ker-Gawl.) Herb.,was compared.The results showed that the leaf sponge tissue of the 4 species was well developed;the vascular bundle in leaf vein was limited collateral vascular bundle;and the bundle sheath was buildup with parenchyma cells.For the stomatal apparatus,it was composed with 2 guard cells in the shape of lune without subsidiary cell;the length to width ratio was small(1.03～1.44).About the profile of transverse section of leaves,the Z.candida was reniform;the other 3 species was shallow W or V.Z.candida had unconspicuous borderline between upper and lower epidermis and was without leaf margin.The leaf margin shape of L.radiate,N.tazetta var.chinensis and H.rutilum was cuniform,papillary and circular-arc,respectively.The leaf of Z.candida,N.tazetta var.chinensis and H.rutilum was isobilateral;while of L.radiate was bifacial,which had spiny mastoid on its lower epidermis.There were big and visible parenchyma cells between the vascular bundles in sponge tissue of L.radiate,N.tazetta var.chinensis and H.rutilum,which formed cavum after fracture;while little cavum was enclosed by garland-arrayed parenchyma cells.The epidermal cells could be divided to long cells and short cells;most of the epidermal cells in Z.candida,L.radiate and N.tazetta var.chinensis were long rectangle;while of H.rutilum were ellipse or subcircular.The density of stomatal apparatus in upper and lower epidermis was almost the same in Z.candida and N.tazetta var.chinensis;while obviously different in the other two species.The 4 Amaryllidaceae species shared some characteristic in leaf anatomical structure and microstructure while with differences,which could be the reference of definition and development of Amaryllidaceae plants.
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The morphological anatomy structure of leaves of Blysmus sinocompressus Tang et Wang was studied by using light microscope.The results showed that the leaves of Blysmus sinocompressus located below the middle of the stalk,the lamina was strip shape,and parallel neuration.The outer tangential wall of both surfaces had cuticle.The both surface cells had sinuate anticlinal walls in surface-view.The upper epidermal cell could be divided into five types from leaf margin to middle part of leaf.The bulliform cells(13~15) were situated above of median adaxial grooves.There were three types of cells in the lower epidermis,such as long cells,short cells and intercostals cells(those between the veins).The stomatal apparatus only existed in the lower epidermis and was dense correspondingly.The palisade tissue was well developed;the mesophyll tissue had far-flung idioblast.Air-cavities were situated in border upon vascular bundle.The proportion of air-cavities was 60 % of that of whole blade.The leaf veins were dense,bundle sheaths had two layers,the outer layers were bigger parenchyma and the inner ones were smaller sclerenchyma.The mechanical tissue flakily situated in the downside of the main vein and the bigger lateral veins.The specific structure of Blysmus sinocompressus was the result from long-term adaptation of the plant to alpine environment,and the ecological adaptability would provid the anatomical basis for further development and utilization of this plant.
Epidermis (zoology)
Spongy tissue
Parenchyma
Cuticle (hair)
Lamina
Morphology
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The leaf epidermis structures of 6 species of Rhododendron had been observed under LM and SEM. The results show that all share together common features as follows: the leaf blades are typical back-abdomen bifacial types, the upper epidermis are formed by two or three layer bigger cells which inside layer cell is bigger than outside one, and the upper epidermis are covered with thicker cuticle. There are many stomas distributed in lower epidermis formed by one layer of small cells, while the upper epidermis have not. The palisade tissue are formed by more than two layer long column cells that line up densely, and cells of the spongy tissue line up loosely and have the bigger cell interval. There are epidermis trichomes. But there are many differences of the structure characteristic of between plants: the thickness of leaf blade, the stoma size, shape, index, the type of the stomatal distributed, the type of epidermis trichome and middle vein bundle, and so on. These structures differences are the characteristic manifestation of the anti-cold and anti- drought, on the other hand, they also provid discriminate characteristic dependable in the taxonomy.
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Trichome
Cuticle (hair)
Stoma (medicine)
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Leaf epidermis of 9 species and 1 variety of Sisymbium was investigated using light microscopy(LM).The main conclusions are as follows: The cells of the upper epidermis are usually polygonal,and the patterns of anticlinal walls are straight or arched,few slightly sinuolate.The cells of the lower epidermis are usually irregular and the patterns of anticlinal walls are sinuous or sinuate.The type of stomatal apparatuses is mainly anisocytic,rarely anomocytic and only occasionally paracytic.According to the leaf epidermal characters,the genus Sisymbrium from China can be divided into three types:(1) The upper epidermis has no or very few stomatal apparatuses.(2)The stomatal apparatuses of upper epidermis are usually gathered with 3 or 5 or arranged in short rows,and the stomatal density is less than that of the lower epidermis.(3) The stomatal apparatuses of upper epidermis are regularly dispersed,and the stomatal density is similar to that of lower epidermis.
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Elymus L. is an important perennial genus within the tribe Triticeae. The micro morphology of leaf lower epidermis of 4 species of Elymus L. were examined under light microscope (LM). The results show that the leaf lower epidermis of Elymus L. were characterized by long rectangle cells, sinuolate or sinuat anticlinal wall, presence of short cells in shape of an ellipse and in twins, round or plat tectiform subsidiary cells, silica bodies in intercostal long cell. But some characteristics were different among these species, including the size of surface cells and the pattern of itsanticlinal wall, the size of stomas, silica cells, which can be used for their identification. The study on the micro morphology of leaf lower epidermis could provide some anatomy evidences, useful in reasonable utilization and exploitation of the germplasm resource.
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Triticeae
Elymus
Morphology
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Epidermal tissue system in terminal leaflet of the first trifoliate leaf of soybean plant (cv. Raiden) was observed by clearing method, SUMP method and paraffin method. Four types of cells, i.e. stomata (guard cells), ordinary epidermal cells, setaceous trichomes and clavate trichomes were recognized in the epidermis. There were many stomata on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis covering mesophyll tissue, but few on epidermis above vein in which bundle sheath extention (BSE) developed until epidermis (Fig. 1, 2). Stomatal density (number of stomata per unit leaf area) in abaxial surface was higher than that in adaxial surface (Fig. 9). In both surfaces it was highest at the middle part of the leaf blade near the midvein and low at the leaf top, base and margin (Fig. 9). Setaceous and clavate trichomes were present mainly on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis above veins around which BSE developed and touched with the epidermis, where the basal cells of these trichomes came in contact with the BSE (Fig. 2, 4, 6, 7). The number of both trichomes per unit midvein length in abaxial epidermis was approximately twice that in adaxial epidermis, and in both sides of midvein the number was largest at the middle position of it (Table 1). Many setaceous trichomes were present also at the leaf margin (Fig. 3, 5). When soybean plants were exposed to dark with saturated air humidity, many water drops were identified on both surfaces of leaf blades (Fig. 8) and the distribution of them coincided with that of clavate trichomes. These results suggested an excessive water of leaf be exuded out through the following pathway; xylem→bundle sheath→bundle sheath extention→clavate trichome, where the last trichome acts as a hydathode. It was also suggested that setaceous trichomes too may play a role in water physiology of young leaves.
Trichome
Epidermis (zoology)
Stomatal density
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The leaf epidermis of 24 species, representing 7 genera of the tribe Hyoscyameae and two related genera in the Solanaceae was examined through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the stomatal apparatuses of the 24 species were present in both upper and lower leaf epidermis. The stomatal apparatuses were often anomocytic, but sometimes anisocytic. The leaf epidermal cells were usually irregular, crossed, nearly oblong or irregularly polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls were slightly straight, sinuolate, sinuous or sinuate. Under SEM observation, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim was nearly smooth, sinuolate or sinuous, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis was often striated, sometimes striated, granular and scaly, and occasionally granular and scaly or smooth. Therefore, the types of the stomatal apparatuses in the tribe Hyoscyameae and the related genera are of some significance for determining the genera of Hyoscyamus L., Anisodus Link, Atropanthe Pascher and Atropa L. The shapes of leaf epidermal cells and the patterns of anticlinal walls vary among the 24 species examined which could be mainly divided into four types: (1) irregularly polygonal leaf epidermal cells and slightly straight or sinuolate anticlinal walls; (2) crossed or nearly oblong leaf epidermal cells and sinuous anticlinal walls; (3) irregular leaf epidermal cells and sinuous or sinuolate anticlinal walls; (4) irregular leaf epidermal cells and sinuate anticlinal walls. These variations correlate to a certain extent with the gross morphology, palynology and phytogeography in these genera. The cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis in the genus Physochlaina G. Don was usually identically striated, granular and scaly, while in the genus of Hyoscyamus L. it was mostly only striated but granular in a few species. Therefore, the characters of the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis could serve as a criterion of distinguishing some genera and species in the tribe Hyoscyameae.
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Epidermal characters of mature leaves in 11 species of Pleurospermum were investigated under both light microscope(LM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).It was shown that the stomata were anomocytic and existed in abaxial epidermis in all the species examined,and in the adaxial epidermis in some species.The leaf epidermal cells were usually irregular or polygonal in shape.The patterns of anticlinal walls were slightly straight,straight-arched,sinuolate or sinuous.Under SEM,the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim was nearly smooth,sinuolate or sinuous,and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis was stripe,sometimes stripe apophysis,occasionally granules,druse.Stomatal and other epidermal features can be used for distinguishing some species.In the light of our studies both on micromorpha and external morpha,we suggest retaining P.prattii and P.wrightianum as separate species and P.franchetianum and P.davidii are closed related.
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