On community characteristics of mid-mountain coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Yuanbaoshan Mountain of Guangxi
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Using sampling investigating method,the species composition,distribution type,life-form spectrum and leaf characteristics of mid-mountain coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Yuanbaoshan Mountain of Guangxi were analyzed.The results show that species composition of the forest is richer and species diversity is also higher.There are 379 species of vascular plants belonging to 201 genera and 96 families,in which there are 33 species pteridophyte belonging to 26 genera and 19 families and 346 species spermatophyte belonging to 175 genera and 77 families.Among spermatophyte,the families of single species and few species(2-5 species) occupy a high proportion(41.6% and 32.5%),and the species belonging to Rosaceae,Ericaceae,Theaceae,Lauraceae,Fagaceae,Aquifoliaceae,Gramineae,Symplocaceae and Liliaceae are much more,and there are many ancient origin relic plants.The generic distribution type of spermatophyte can be divided into twelve floristic components.In which,endemic to China has four genera including Nothotsuga Hu ex Page,Barthea Hook.f.,Latouchea Franch.and Oreocharis Benth.,and the tropical and temperate components occupy a very higher proportion(53.6% and 44.0%) and the percentage of tropical component is slightly higher than that of temperate component,it means that the community flora has an obvious subtropical mountain character.Phanerophyte is dominant with a percentage of 60.4% in the forest community,while liana and hemicryptophyte also have relatively higher percentage of 12.1% and 11.1%,respectively.Otherwise,leaf scale is mainly microphyll with a percentage of 55.4%,leaf characteristics are mainly simple,leathery and entire leaf with the percentages of 85.8%,52.6% and 61.2%,respectively.In upper arbor layer,the percentages of coniferous,deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved species are 23.1%,34.6% and 42.3%,respectively,it means that the forest community possesses a very obvious characteristics of mid-mountain coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest.Keywords:
Lauraceae
Liana
Floristics
Pteridophyte
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Based on the investigation and data access,the floristic analysis of pteridophyte in Ganjiangyuan Nature Reserve was studied. The results indicated that in this area there were 216 species of ferns belonging to 75 genera in 35families,and the ratio of these families,genera and species accounting for the total number of ferns in Jiangxi Province was 71. 4%,65. 8% and 49. 9%,respectively. The number of families containing more than seven species was 9,and the families in tropical and subtropical distribution accounted for 74. 3% in the family areal types. The number of the genus areal types was 10. The tropical distribution type had 51 genera,which accounted for 68% of the total genera,while the temperate distribution type had 4 genera,which accounted for 5% of the total genera. The geographic distribution of species can be divided into four types,including 35. 6% ingredients,49. 1% subtropical elements and about 13. 4% unique components of China. The species similarity analysis showed that this flora and Qiyunshan were closely related,and the similarity coefficient was 75. 1%.
Pteridophyte
Floristics
Flora
Tropical Asia
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According to a statistics in 1 600 m 2 field of 7 samples, it is found that the specific composition in Taxus chinese var. mairei community is discomplex, for 80 species of 64 genera of 43 families compose the community flora, average 5 species in 100 m 2. However, it was almost composed of the genera with few species distributed in the community, in which 87.5% of the genera were found with one species only in the community and 6.3% of the genera contained few species. The results also showed that it was a climax community, as most of the dominant species in arborous layer were stable populations, so that the dominant elements of community floristic were stable. There were only 10 areal types and 4 sub types in 59 seed plants genera of which 27 belong to tropical genera, accounting for 46.6%, and 31 temperate genera, accounting for 53.4%, and tropical genera mainly constituted by pantropic (52.6%) and Trop. Asian (47.4%) and temperate genera mainly constituted by North temperate (50%) and E. Asian (50%). So that the geographical elements are discomplex. In the 25 species of arborous layer, 76% is the middle subtropical zonal type, 16% south subtropical zonal type and 8% north subtropical zonal type, of which the first 6 positions of important value index (IVI) were all middle subtropical zonal type. This showed that the community was subtropical characteristic. There are 59.5% evergreen and 40.5% deblade of 79 known species in which the mid phaenerophytes is the first position of all, accounting for 27.8%, and the evergreen broad leaved species constituted the majority of meso phaenerophytes which accounts for 15.2%. Meanwhile the number of Microphyll species (accounting for 55.7%) was more than that of Mesophyll one(accounting for 32.9%). There were 18 species constructed the arborous layer in sample of 600 m 2, and 29 species in sample of 1 600 m 2, the numbers were not large enough but the species diversity index approximately equaled to that index of standard community of subtropical zone. [WT5”HZ]
Floristics
Climax community
Flora
Tropical Asia
Climax
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The structure and tree species diversity of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Okinawa Island, Japan, were studied. Enumeration of the six sampling plots revealed an average density of 5,580 individuals with DBH≥3.0 cm/ha, having an average basal area of 55 m2. The large-size trees of DBH ≥ 20 cm contributed 10% of the total individuals, and 49% of the total basal area. The forest showed a high diversity of tree species, which is comparable to some tropical rain forests. A total of 54 over-story species of 24 families and a total of 63 understory species of 26 families were identified in the six sampling plots. Fagaceae and Theaceae were the most important families; Castanopsis sieboldii, Schima wallichii and Distylium racemosum were the most important species. The diversity index and equitability index of species were 4.15 and 0.72 for the overstory plots, and 4.72 and 0.79 for the understory subplots, respectively. The diversity index for the overstory was significantly correlated to the total basal area of trees over 20 cm DBH (p<0.05) and the importance value of C. sieboldii (p<0.001), while for understory, the diversity index was not correlated to the structural parameters (all p>0.16). The size distribution pattern and age structure indicated differences in regeneration strategies for canopy dominants. In population dynamics of the succession process, C. sieboldii and D. racemosum were self-maintaining types, and S. wallichii was a gap- or opening-dependent type.
Understory
Basal area
Diversity index
Castanopsis
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Citations (22)
In order to understand the community characteristics of TMRF in Lancang Area,two permanent plots(50 m×50 m)of TMRF communities at different sites in Lancang were established. The grid method(10 m×10 m)was used to record all individuals with DBH greater than 2.0 cm in each plot. Shrub and herb species were investigated in nine 5 m×5 m and 2 m×2 m sub-quadrates respectively. Plant species composition,tree species diversity,physiognomic and structural characteristics of the communities were analyzed. The results showed that,in the 2 500 m2 plot,total number of plant species in the communities of TMRF was 100～105,representing 70～74 genera and 45～47 families. Tree species richness(DBH≥2 cm)is 69～74,while Shannon-Wiener and Pielou’s evenness indices are 3.595 4～3.626 7 and 0.842 6～0.849 1 respectively. The floral composition of the communities can be divided into 10 areal types and the tropical distribution composition accounts for 83.17%～84.69%. Among those floral areal types,Pantropic and Trop.Asia(Indo-Malesia)distributions are dominant,accounting for 33.67%～36.63% and 24.75%～26.53% respectively. Concerning about the life form spectra,phaenerophytes are dominant in the communities,and the proportion of meso and micro-phaenerophytes are very high,accounting for 50.00%～52.78% and 22.12%～22.22% respectively. With regard to the leaf characteristics,the communities are composed mainly of leaves which are mesophylls(66.67%～75%),single(83.65%～85.19%),papery(61.11%～65.38%),entire(72.12%～72.22%)and no-caud(86.11%～88.48%). Compared with tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna,TMRF in Lancang shows obvious transitional characteristics to monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest,such as less tropical elements,mega-phaenerophytes and macrophylls,as well as less compound and entire leaves,but more temperate elements,micro-phaenerophytes,microphylls and nanophyll,as well as more simple and non-entire leaves.
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The community characteristics of the Tsuga dumasa forest in Lancangjiang Nature Reserve were studied based on the investigation of 4 sample plots(with total area of 2 000 m2).The following results were concluded:There were 99 species and varieties of vascular plants,which belonged to 70 genera and 48 families;8 species of pteridophytes belonging to 6 genera,5 families;91 species of spermatophytes belonging to 64 genera,43 families.The dominant families that consisted of the community were Fagaceae.Orchidaceae,Theaceae,Compositae and Ericaceae.The vertical structure of the community was remarkable,which could be divided into arbor layer,shrub layer,herb layer and the interlayer.In this community,plants of micro-phanerophytes and meso-phanerophytes occupied the dominant position,accounting for 42.42%.The dominant leaf size was microphyll(30.30%),and the leaf characteristics of the community were mainly composed of simple leaf(81.82%),sclerophyll(52.54%),entire leaf(64.65%),and acuminate leaf(41.41%).It was indicated by data analyses on tree height,BHD and number of individuals of Tsuga dumasa that there was some fluctuation with the community structure.
Tsuga
Sclerophyll
Theaceae
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The composition of Karst SHEBF was very rich in terms of species,genera and families. 163 species of 142 genera of 95 families were identified within 10 000 m~2 area at Suoyishan and 125 species of 110 genera of 95 families at Yuehu,among which herb species were the largest group,followed by tree species,liana was the smallest group. Judged by the important value(IV)calculated based on the individuals with DBH≥3 cm,major tree species were Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides,Pistacia weinmannifolia,Neolitsea homilanthaandOlea yunnanensis. There were less species and individuals with big DBH size. Species dominance was constituted by individuals with small and medium DBH size. Phanerophytes(54.9% at Suoyishan and 8.8% at Yuehu)and hemicryptophytes(39.6% at Suoyishan and 41.6% at Yuehu)were the major Raunkiaer life forms. According to the life form of monograph “Vegetation of China”,tree were medium and small size species,with a percentage of 25% in total;Perennials accounted for a higher percentage(42.7% at Suoyishan and 45.6% at Yuehu). The number of evergreen tree species was almost equal to the number of deciduous species. But if we counted with individuals,DBH or IV,the highest percentage of deciduous components was only 24.7% and then we defined the community as semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest with deciduous components. The species-area curve showed a very sharp transition point at 400 m~2. With these results,we proposed this size as the smallest survey area of Karst SHEBF.
Dominance (genetics)
Liana
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In order to explore the species structure and diversity of C.eyrei community in Leigongshan,the authors made a typical sample-plot survey in Leigongshan,Results:1)A total of 69 species,belonging to 59genera and 46families were found in the community.Among them there were 36 arbor species,belonging to 18families and 43shrub species belonging to 31families,besides,there were 12herbage species,belonging to 12families;2)Pantropical distribution of plant families in the communication accounted for the most,34.78%,followed by North Temperate(23.91%)and Cosmopolitans(17.39%).In general,tropical proportion(52.17%)was bigger than temperate proportion(28.26%);3)As for vertical distribution of C.eyrei,plant height of arbor layer in the range of 5mto 10 m have a higher proportion which was up to about 65%,besides,the proportion of shrub layer in the range of 0~1mhad a higher proportion which was up to 76%,and herbage layer in the range of 5mto 10 m was up to about 41%,different?layers?in community was obvious;4)The DBH distribution of arbor layer and shrub layer in community was an inverted-J shape;5)Quotas on species diversity richness and evenness in different layers of community had the same rule:shrub layerarbor layerherbage layer.
Pantropical
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The vegetation in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province was typical temperate desert with 543 species desert spermatophyte from 228 genera,55 families.In some areas,the vegetation was under degradation.The dominant family phenomenon with the characteristics of a few big families and many small families was quite obvious.There were 10 dominant families,including Chenopodiaceae,Leguminosae,Gramineae,Compositae,Cruciferae,Polygonum,Caryophyllaceae,Ranunculaceae,Zygophyllaceae and Tamaricaceae.Meanwhile,there were 6 typical families,including Ephedraceae,Tamaricaceae,Elaeagnaceae,Zygophyllaceae,Chenopodiaceae and Polygonum.According to the geographical element of family,there were 6 areal types in this area.The world areal type was the most abundant(23 families),which respectively occupied 41.82% and 76.80% of the total number of family and species in this area.The temperate species took the second place,including the tropical,subtropical and temperate species from 23 families and they respectively occupied 41.82% and 19.53% of the total number of family and genera in this area.Tropical and subtropical species were quite rare(only 9 families) and they respectively occupied 16.36% and 3.67% of the total number of family and genera in this area.The perennial herbaceous species and shrubs were the dominant in terms of plant life type,it could reflect the mutual adaptive characteristics between vegetation distribution and local climate.
Zygophyllaceae
Floristics
Larrea
Pantropical
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Researches on wetland plants of Beijing area mainly began in 1990s,but studies on the flora characteristics of higher plants of wetland in Beijing area has not yet been reported.Based on data collection,information inquiry and field survey,the features and characteristics of the flora of higher plants of wetland in Beijing area were analysed.The study of floristic element has supplied sufficient basis of developing,utilizing and preventing the local plant resources,as well as developing plant introduction from other basin or areas.Five hundred and fifty two species of higher plants belonging to 311 genera and 108 families(including mountain wetland) were distributed and approximately counts for about 1/3 of the total plants in Beijing district.Those families,genera and species covered 48.87% of the families,32.06% of the genera and 23.40% of the species of higher plants in Beijing region,respectively.Among them,Bryophytes were 18 species belonging to 15 genera and 9 families,occupied 3.26% of the total species;and Pteridophgtes were 8 species belonging to 5 genera and 5 families,occupied 1.45% of the total species;and Gymnospermae were 6 species belonging to 5 genera and 3 families,occupied 1.09% of the total species;and Angiosperms were 520 species belonging to 286 genera and 91 families,accounting for 94.20% of the total number of the higher plants of wetland in Beijing area.From the statistics of relative great families,5 greater families(species≥20)were the principle parts of all the higher plants.The total was 210 species,occupied 38.04% of total species,and Compositae,Poaceae,Cyperaceae,Leguminosae,and Polygonaceae were the greatest families.From the statistics of relative great genera,there were 14 greater genera(species≥5),the total was 114 species,accounted for 4.50% of total genera and 20.65% of total species.Polygonum,Artemisia,Cypeus,Rumex,and Carex were the greatest genera in Beijing wetland.The distribution of wetland plants in Beijing was complex.The moss plants species had 3 areal-types,the fern plants species had 2 areal-types,and Holarctic kingdom was the main type.The flora of Beijing wetland seed plants could be divided into 15 distribution types and 9 subtypes,and Cosmopolitan and North Temperate were the two main types.179 species belong to Cosmopolitan,and 149 species belong to North Temperate,occupied 34.03% and 28.32% of total species,respectively.On the other hand,63 species belong to Pantropic,49 species belong to Old World Temperate,occupied 11.98% and 9.32% of total species,respectively.The type of Temperate occupied an leading position,the element in temperate zone was very rich(genera,species and proportion all play an important role).The area department of plants had the following features : ① it was the development of herb;② there was a dominance of temperate species;③ it was age old in origin;④ endemic species was poor;⑤ its geographical elements were complex.
Flora
Floristics
Global biodiversity
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In this present study, we aimed to determine the plant diversity and floristic composition in temperate natural forest of western Himalaya. We selected three altitude range viz., lower, middle and higher altitudinal range on four aspects viz., northern, southern, western and eastern. Oak is the dominant tree species followed by pine in the case of tree species at the study site. Berberis aristata and Sarcococca saligna were dominant shrub species which belong to berberidaceae and buxaceae families. In the case of herb species, Cyperus rotundas and Viola serpens were most dominant herb species which belong to cyperaceae and violaceae families whereas, Arisaema sp. was inferior herb species which belong to araceae family. Higher number of tree and shrub species were observed at lower altitudinal range on western aspect and southern aspect whereas, least number of tree and shrub species were observed at higher altitudinal range on eastern aspect but in the herb species, maximum number were recorded at higher altitudinal range on northern aspect and minimum at lower altitudinal range on eastern aspect. In vegetation indices, tree species diversity ranged from 0.47 to 1.28, simpson’s dominace between 0.51 to .021 and species richness from 1.08 to 0.35 and shrub species diversity ranged between 2.09 to 1.40, simpson’s dominace from 0.98 to 057 and species richness ranged from 2.28 to 1.11. In herbaceous, species diversity ranged from 2.45 to 1.66, simpson’s dominace from 093 to 0.51 and species richness between 2.59 to 1.34. A pattern of tree and shrub species reduced with increasing altitude on all aspect but herb species increased with increasing altitude with all aspects. However, tree and shrub species showed similar trend but herb species showed reversed pattern to the tree and shrub species.
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