Variation of Air Pollutants and Their Relation with Meteorological Conditions in Hangzhou
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Based on the monitoring data of air pollutants from 2002 to 2007 over Hangzhou,according to ambient air quality every day in surrounding cities of Hangzhou,combined with different types of pollution and meteorological data,the characteristics of air pollutants and its relationship with weather conditions are analyzed.The results show that the frequency of pollution days in air quality is decreased year by year, and the air quality has been improved step by step,because the concentrations of PM_(10) that is the primary pollutant are decreased by degrees.The day of heavier level pollution in large-scale continual pollution is half more than that of other two types of pollution,and the highest concentration of PM_(10) appears in largescale continual pollution,and lowest in the individual pollution,there are 0.253 mg·m~(-3) and 0.177 mg·m~(-3),respectively.The different types of pollution are affected by various weather situations,their pollution level is also changed.The rates of different pollution types have an obvious seasonal variation,which is highest in winter,lowest in summer,there are 25.6%and 3.6%,respectively.Among the different types of pollution,the rates of individual pollution and local continual pollution are 40.7%and 29.9%,respectively. The rates of different pollution types in four seasons are very obvious,showing a higher rate of local pollution type in winter,that of individual pollution in spring,and that of the large-scale continuous pollution in autumn.The air quality in summer,that appears to be few of local pollution days,is the best in four seasons.The levels of different pollution are different,presenting the grades ofⅢ1(level of slight pollution) is mainly the type of local pollution,the grades ofⅢ2(lightly pollution) andⅣ1(moderat pollution) are mainly the large-scale continual pollution type,the grades ofⅣ2(moderat heavier pollution level) andⅤ(heavy pollution level) are mostly the individual pollution type that affected by the duststorm or firework in the Spring Festival.Keywords:
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The annual tendency, monthly and seasonal distribution of main air pollutants SO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 and the characteristics of atmospheric pollution in Lanzhou have been analyzed based on the atmospheric monitoring data from 2001 to 2009. The results indicate that Lanzhou is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China, which have more heavy pollution weather number and less fine weather compared with other large cities in China. During the last nine years, there have been remarkable decrease in PM 10 and SO 2 , and a slight increase in NO 2 mass concentrations. However, the concentrations of the three pollutants were relatively high. PM 10 was the dominant pollutants while the mass concentration of SO 2 and NO 2 were relatively low. The pollution of PM 10 , SO 2 and NO 2 presented obvious seasonal change: air pollution was severer in winter and milder in summer. PM 10 exceeded the second level of the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) all the years, the SO 2 exceeded the standard in part years, and the concentration of NO 2 no exceeded the standard, so they showed a coal smoke pollution typically. The meteorological conditions had a vital influence on the concentration of pollutants. A comparison of the mass concentrations of the three pollutants under different meteorological conditions has revealed that a negative correlation existed between the concentrations of pollutants and wind speed. Precipitation had important cleanup effect on pollutants. A negative correlation also existed between the visibility and the three pollutants.
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Based on the monitoring data in 2013 in Jinan,the current situation of the ambient air quality and the distribution of the pollutants in space and time were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of the main pollutants exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard class Ⅱ limits. In addition,pollution was the most serious in winter,and the particulate matter pollution was the most in the west and north-west of the city,while SO2 and NO2pollution were the most in the central. In view of the present situation and the characteristics of air pollution,some countermeasures were put forward to control the point pollution,non-point pollution or mobile pollution,such as decreasing the main pollutants( particulate matter,SO2,NO2). Based on SO2,NOx,particulate matter removel rates of 22. 5%,18. 2%,31. 4%,the concentrations of SO2,NO2,PM10,PM2. 5in 2015 in Jinan,according to Models-3 / CMAQ model calculating,would decrease by 23. 9% and 29. 7%,11. 4%and 15. 9%,21. 9% and 32. 6%,13. 5% and 26. 9%,compared with the data that of the same time in January and July in 2010. The result indicated that the air quality in Jinan would be improved significantly in 2015.
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In order to understand the air pollution changing characteristics and influential factors during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan in Urumqi City and to evaluate the effect of air pollution control and meteorological factors,the air pollution changing characteristics as well as its causes of pollutant emission and meteorological factor were studied for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period using daily atmospheric monitoring data from 2001 to 2010. The result showed that the average concentrations of SO2and PM10during the Eleventh Five-Year in Urumqi City decreased by 1. 7% and10. 3% respectively compared to the Tenth Five-Year Plan,especially the decrease in heating season were up to 2. 2% and 21. 9% respectively. Nevertheless the concentration of NO2 increased by 8. 9% in the same period,especially in non-heating season when it was highest. The annual average concentrations of PM10and SO2decreased as a whole from 2006 to 2010,but the concentration of NO2showed increase from 2006 to 2010. The concentrations of main air pollutants in non-heating season could meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standard Ⅱ,but its concentrations have all increased continuously. Furthermore the exceeding standard multiples of SO2and PM10in the heating season have decreased yearly. The coal smoke pollution in heating season was still very typical. Pollution source control especially pollutants emission reduction project was the key factors for the decline of the concentrations of SO2and PM10during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan,while the meteorological factors had little contribution to the decrease of pollutants concentration. The increase of NO2concentration during the same term was due to the increase of vehicle number and the lagging of NOxemission control.
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The PM10, SO2 and NO2 mass concentrations were obtained over five years from monitoring stations across Nanchong, a southwest city in China. Changes in urban air quality over time, as well as the factors influencing that change, were evaluated based on air pollutant concentrations, the Air Pollution Index (API), and the Comprehensive Pollution Index (P). The results showed that the total annual mean PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations over the five years studied were 61.1±1.1, 45.0±3.9 and 34.9±4.9 μg·m−3, respectively. The annual mean concentrations displayed a generally decreasing trend; lower than the annual mean second-level air quality limit. Meanwhile, the annual mean API values were in a small range of 52–53, the air quality levels were grade II, and P values were 1.06–1.21 less than the slight level (P ≤ 1.31). Total monthly mean PM10, SO2, NO2 concentrations, and API and P values were consistently higher in winter and spring than during autumn and summer. The results of a correlation analysis showed that temperature and pressure were the major meteorological factors influencing pollution levels. Pollution sources included industrial coal and straw burning, automobiles exhaust and road dust, fireworks, and dust storms. Keywords: Air Pollution, Air Pollution Index, Comprehensive Pollution Index, Pollution Sources, Nanchong
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General characteristics of air pollution process in Nanjing area were analyzed.Three different types of typical air pollution processes occurred in 2009-2011 were selected to analyze the characteristics and influence factors respectively.It was found mat 91%pollution process in Nanjing lasted for less than 4 days according to assessment indexes of API,and air pollution occurred in autumn and winter lasted longer.Pollution caused by dust event was mainly controlled by the sand source and long range transport meteorological condition,with wide affected area.The ratio of PM_(205)/PM_(10) reached up to 70% from the pollution of crop residue burning combined with high PM_(2.5) concentration.The wind direction is main factor influencing the pollution area,and the pollution decreased quickly with precipitation or strong wind,as well as disappearance of pollution source.Long duration air pollution in autumn and winter is related to the unfavorable weather condition,such as relative uniform pressure pattern,along with local circulation at the bottom boundary layer,resulting in the pollution accumulation.
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Objective To investigate the air pollution level and the distribution regularity of air pollutants in Jilin City. Methods Based on the data from air quality automatic monitoring system in environmental protection station in Jilin City from 2001 to 2005, the concentration change of the inhalable particulate matter (PM10), SO2, NO2 and TSP in the air were analyzed with hour, season and year in different functional areas. Results The concentration of SO2, NO2 in atmosphere in winter and summer showed a daily changing with a bimodal curve, which appeared a high value section at 19:00—21:00 and 7:00—8:00. The highest concentration of pollutants appeared in winter, the lowest one in summer. The daily average concentration range of SO2, NO2 and TSP was 0.021-0.045, 0.027-0.046 and 0.300-0.470 mg/m3 respectively from 2001 to 2005 with a descending trend by years. As for the space distribution, the pollution in the industry area was the heaviest. Conclusion The air pollution type in Jilin City is still a coal-burning pollution, the concentration of air pollutants distributes differently with time and space.
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This paper makes analysis and statistics about the frequency distribution of average temperature, pressure, humidity and wind conditions between moderate pollution days of PM10(API>200) and conventional days from 2008 to 2010 in Yantai. The result shows that the frequency of PM10 pollution which occurred in winter is close to the sum of the other seasons. PM10 pollution days appears easily under such conditions: the average temperature below 10°C, average air pressure is higher than 101.0kPa, relative humidity is less than 70%, or average weed speed of 3-7m/s with the north-south wind.
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Change of the ambient air quality in the urban and suburb areas of Beijing since 1980's was analyzed. The data was referred from the long-term monitoring stations which were three stations in the urban area and four at the suburb of Beijing. The result showed that, different pollutants had different trends. SO_ 2 had fluctuant increase before 1998 and then declined. As a whole, it showed a downward tendency in these 20 years. However, NO_ x , CO and ozone pollution also increased first then fell, taken 1998 as a watershed. But they had the significant upward tendencies in these two decades. During this period, dustfall and B[a]P continuously declined significantly. TSP, PM_ 10 and Pb had no significant trends but reduce a little. The reason of air pollution had changed from coal burning pattern to mixed pattern including both traffic exhaust and coal burning. Seasonally, pollution level was heavier in heating season from November to next March, than that in non-heating season from April to October. For example, SO_ 2 concentration in heating season was 5.7 times high than that in non-heating season. As to the pollution spatial distribution, TSP, dustfall and ozone pollution were heavier in the suburb, while SO_ 2 , NO_ x and CO concentrations were higher in the urban area. The increasing sources caused more pollution these years, while many environmental protection policies implemented to reduce. This interaction was the main driving factor that caused the above change. Improve the energy efficiency, reduce pollution sources, use clean energy and implement advanced environmental standards had contributed to reduce the pollution, especially since 1998.
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Based on the routine air monitoring data of 24 cities of Sichuan Province in recent decade,according to the standard of level Ⅱin the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB3095-1996),the air quality status,trends and influencing factors during 2000～2009 were analyzed adopting the method of comprehensive pollution index.The result showed that,Inhalable Particle concentration decreased year by year,the concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were stable.Each pollutant concentration appeared seasonal change significantly.The most serious pollution happened in winter.The pollution levels from high to low were in sequence as winter,spring,autumn,and summer.The comprehensive pollution index declined yearly.The air pollution had significant alleviated,and the air quality was gradually becoming better.
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This study gathered and processed the available air quality daily reports in 86 cities throughout China in 2001-2011. Urban air quality was assessed in terms of the evolution of the key pollutants, the pollution level, and the PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 microm) concentrations. The authors conclude that PM10 is the most important pollutant in Chinese cities, especially after the national sulfur dioxide (SO2) controls during the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP; 2006-2010). A notable advance was the reduction of extremely heavily polluted days with air pollution index (API) above 150 from 7% in 2001 to 1% in 2011 in the all-city average. In addition, the average API-derived PM10 concentrations continually decreased during the past 11 yr. Additionally, the pollution pattern of "more severe from south to north "in China became less obvious due to the decline of PM10 concentrations in the northern cities and the more obvious regional characteristics of air pollution. Nevertheless, more pollutants should be included in the API system to fully reflect the air quality status and guide future air pollution controls in Chinese cities.Air quality daily report, the only publicly accessible observation database in the past decade, provides valuable insight into the air quality in Chinese cities. Using this data set, this paper assesses the status and change of urban air quality in China in 2001-2011, during which great effort was made to mitigate urban air pollution. It is valuable for the further refinement of national air quality control strategies, and the needs of updating the present daily report system are implicated.
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