Effects of nitrogenous fertilization in rice fields on the predatory function of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to Nilaparvata lugens Stl
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The predatory capacities and functional responses of the mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, on the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stl, on rice plants with different nitrogen contents and the effects of the rice sap and BPH honeydew on its predatory function were determined in the laboratory at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. The results showed that the predatory capacities of C. lividipennis on BPH eggs and young nymphs were negatively related to the nitrogen content of host plants, while no significant difference in predatory capacities was recorded between C. lividipennis populations successively fed on host plants applied with 0 kg N/ha and 200 kg N/ha nitrogen fertilizer for 2 generations. The functional responses of C. lividipennis populations on BPH eggs belonged to typical Holling II, and the instantaneous rate of discovery (a) and handling times (T_h) were strongly affected by nitrogen contents in host plants. The instantaneous rate of discovery reduced obviously resulted in the lower functional responses on the host plants applied with high nitrogen rate; however, the similar response shapes of different populations were found on the plants with the same nitrogen regime. Furthermore, the influences of rice sap from the plants and honeydew of the BPH females fed on the plants with high nitrogen regime on the extension of longevities of the adults of C. lividipennis were higher than those on the plants with low nitrogen regime. However, the honeydew of BPH on the plants with high nitrogen regime significantly decreased the predatory capacity of C. lividipennis on BPH eggs. These results implied that the reduction of C. lividipennis natural control function should be one of the crucial factors to induce the outbreak of BPH population in rice fields applied with excessive nitrogenous fertilizer.Keywords:
Honeydew
Brown planthopper
Rice plant
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Experiment was conducted in laboratory to study the effects of N. lugens damage levels, developmental stages of infested plants and rice cultivars on attractiveness of N. lugens-induced rice voltiles to Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang, an egg parasitoid of N. lugens. The results showed that the volatiles from plants infested with 10 or 20 gravid female N. lugens for one day had an obvious attractiveness to the parasitoid compared to the blank control, while the volatiles from plants infested with 1, 5, 40 or 80 gravid female N. lugens for one day did not. The parasitoid did not show any behavioral responses to the volatiles emitted from unmanipulated TN1 plants, and also showed no bias responses to the rice volatiles from different developmental stages. When attacked by N. lugens, however, the attractiveness of the volatiles from plants at the age of 60 days to the parasitoid was significantly stronger than that of the volatiles from plants at the age of 90 days. There were no differences in attractiveness of the volatiles of unmanipulated plants of various cultivars except for the case of comparison between cultivars TN1 and Nabeshi, in which the volatiles from TN1 plants were significantly stronger than those from Nabeshi. After being damaged by N. lugens, the differences in attractiveness among rice varieties increased significantly. The volatiles released from TN1 plants demonstrated significant weaker attractiveness to the parasitoid than those from Shanyou 63, but were obviously stronger than those from Nabeshi, IR26 and Bing 97-59.
Brown planthopper
Rice plant
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Abstract This study examines the nature of intraspecific interactions among N ilaparvata lugens ( S tål) ( H emiptera: D elphacidae) planthoppers feeding on resistant and susceptible rice varieties. Planthopper nymphs produced less honeydew and gained less weight when feeding on rice variety IR 62 (resistant) compared to susceptible rice varieties. A series of bioassays was conducted that varied N . lugens nymph densities on IR 62 and IR 22 (susceptible). Increasing nymph density facilitated feeding by conspecifics; however, intraspecific competition increased mortality of nymphs on IR 62 (but rarely on IR 22). Furthermore, nymph weights declined with increasing conspecific density on IR 22, and the effects were weak on IR 62. More female nymphs than males survived on IR 62 but this was not affected by density. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased competition among N . lugens on young plants of IR 22, but not on IR 62. Results indicate that nymphs have a low efficiency in accessing resources when feeding on IR 62, even where the plants have received fertilizer. Female‐biased survival and biomass compensation for mortality may promote population recovery after development on the resistant plant and accelerate adaptation to the resistant variety.
Brown planthopper
Population density
Planthopper
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Abstract Experiments were conducted in laboratory to study the impacts of rice genotypes and nitrogen levels on the preference of the egg predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis , for eggs of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and their relation to the rice volatiles. In two‐choice tests, the female predators showed different preference for BPH eggs on different rice genotypes, but not for BPH eggs on rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The olfactory response test revealed that more predator oriented to the odour from healthy rice plants compared with the plain air (control); the predator preferred BPH nymph‐damaged plants to healthy plants, and BPH female adult‐damaged plants to BPH nymph‐damaged plants. The comparative studies between rice genotypes and nitrogen levels indicated that there were obvious differences in attractiveness to the predator between rice genotypes, while there was no significant difference between rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The results showed that rice volatiles played an important role in mediating the foraging behaviour of C. lividipennis . Implications for augmenting the effectiveness of natural enemies by adjusting rice attributes and cultural practices are discussed.
Brown planthopper
Rice plant
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Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniell a eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis , which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.
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Lipaphis erysimi
Cecidomyiidae
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Journal Article Responses of Rice-Infesting and Grass-Infesting Populations of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) to Rice Plants and Leersia Grass and to Their Steam Distillate Extracts Get access Z. R. Khan, Z. R. Khan 1 1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Current address: Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. C. Saxena, R. C. Saxena Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. P. Rueda B. P. Rueda 1 1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Current address: Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 81, Issue 4, 1 August 1988, Pages 1080–1088, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.4.1080 Published: 01 August 1988 Article history Received: 23 June 1987 Accepted: 18 February 1988 Published: 01 August 1988
Brown planthopper
Delphacidae
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Honeydew
Delphacidae
Planthopper
Brown planthopper
Tiller (botany)
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Using electrical penetration graph, salivary flange, and honeydew measurement, this study investigated the effects of feeding-induced intra- and interspecific interactions on feeding behavior and honeydew excretion of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) compared with small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus). Results showed that many measures of feeding behavior were affected by feeding-induced intra- and interspecific interactions on two different rice varieties. There were significantly fewer salivary flanges for both brown planthopper and small brown planthopper on rice plants with feeding-induced conspecific or heterospecific effects than on relevant control plants. In contrast, only small brown planthopper on rice plants with feeding-induced heterospecific effects had significantly fewer salivary flanges than those with feeding-induced conspecific effects. The mean durations of pathway activities per insect and mean durations from first probe to first sustained phloem ingestion for small brown planthopper were significantly shorter, whereas the mean duration per insect of phloem ingestion was significantly longer, on rice plants with feeding-induced heterospecific effects than those on relevant control plants, as well as rice plants with feeding-induced conspecific effects. Honeydew weights of small brown planthopper were significantly increased by the induced heterospecific effect. Thus, all results indicated indirect, asymmetrical, facilitative effects of induced interspecific interactions on the feeding behavior and honeydew weight for small brown planthopper on both varieties. These findings are consistent with the previously documented asymmetrical effects on performance, with more benefits to small brown planthopper from brown planthopper indirectly. The change of nutrient and induced allelochemistry in host plant probably underlies these facilitative effects.
Honeydew
Brown planthopper
Delphacidae
Planthopper
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