PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) CONCENTRATIONS IN NATURALLY VENTILATED OFFICES IN BOR, SERBIA
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Abstract:
Monitoring of particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations in indoor air are important for human health risk assessments, since most of the individuals in developed countries spend the majority of their time indoors. The mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 fractions) were measured in several naturally ventilated offices and hallway in the Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor, Serbia. The measurements are carried out with a portable, direct reading, aerosol monitoring device Turnkey OSIRIS. Several sampling campaigns were conducted in the time interval from 2009 to 2014 in the six selected offices and in a hallway near the main entrance. The average daily mass concentrations of PM in the offices during the summer period (April – September) were 21.9 mg/m 3 for PM 10 and 8.4 mg/m 3 for PM 2.5 . The average daily mass concentrations of PM in the offices during the winter period (October – March) were 20.3 mg/m 3 for PM 10 and 10.9 mg/m 3 for PM 2.5 . The indoor air quality seems satisfactory with respect to the both observed fractions of PM. Particle monitor used in the study proved to be practical for PM measurements in the indoor environments, as it is portable and quiet enough not to disturb occupants in the offices.Keywords:
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The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of particulate matter, analyze the percentage share of four particulate matter subfractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10) in TSP (total mass of particulate matter (PM)) in a typical Polish sports hall at different day periods during heating and non-heating seasons, and compare the average daily doses of respirable dust (PM4) for three groups of the sports hall users (pupils, teachers, and athletes). Gravimetric measurements of PM4 and TSP concentrations and optical measurements of the concentrations of five PM fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, PM100) were conducted for 8 h a day, simultaneously inside and outside the hall, for 20 days each in summer and winter. During training, PM mass was concentrated mainly in coarse particles (PM2.5–100) (summer—55%, winter—35%). Without activity, the main part of PM mass was from fine particles (PM2.5, summer—59%, winter—75%). In summer, PM inside the hall originated mainly from internal sources. In winter, the fine PM concentration was affected by outdoor sources. The daily doses of PM4 for different groups of sports hall users indicate that the health exposure of sports practitioners to PM may be greater than for non-practitioners staying in the same conditions.
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Background/aim
Due to lack of PM monitoring process in Ukraine the aim of this work was to obtain information on the actual concentrations of PM10 and PM2,5 in one of the Ukrainian cities with the population under coal power plant exposure.Methods
Definition of air pollution by PM10 and PM2.5 was conducted in the seven points located in operation zone of the TPP which were selected according to the algorithm including relief, infrastructure, meteo data. The study was conducted throughout the 2015 as a result it was managed to get the average annual concentration. Measurements of PM2,5 and PM10 concentration levels in the ambient air carried out using portable handheld analyzers Con.Tec Personal Dust Monitor PM10-PM2.5-PM1 (Italy). Measurements were carried out at the height of 1.2 to 1.8 metres from the ground in the human breathing area. Gathered measurements in real-time mode were conducted within one hour with an average of 1 min for 3 sequences per day.Results
As a result of the research, it has been established that: concentrations of PM10 were determined in the range of 11 to 67 μg/m3, PM2.5 – from 4 to 47 μg/m3. In this case, the excess of the recommended by the WHO levels of averaged concentrations PM10 and PM2.5 in the ambient air observed in 43% of measurements especially in the autumn–winter heating period; every 10 µg of concentration above normative increases the death rate by 0.6%. Accordingly, in the worst scenario with a concentration of 67 μg/m3 the mortality rate may increase by 2.82%.Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, conclusions can be drawn on the need for implementation and expansion of monitoring programs measurements of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5) in the ambient air of Ukraine settlements. Mandatory review and approval of hygienic standards for PM10 and PM2.5, in accordance with Directives 2008/50/EU, 2001/80/EU, recommendations and requirements of WHO.Cite
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Indoor particulate matter (PM) poses the same respiratory health threats as outdoor PM. Indoor PM were collected from two service laboratories in Metro Manila for 7 hours per sampling day over a period of six weeks. Hourly recordings for temperature and relative humidity were also performed. The mass concentrations of PM were quantified by gravimetric analysis. The study found that the maximum PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations calculated for the naturally ventilated Lab X were 202.68 μg/m3 and 98.81 μg/m3, respectively. The maximum values obtained from the air-conditioned Lab Y for PM10 and PM2.5 were 219.79 μg/m3 and 98.66 μg/m3, respectively. The study also recognized that factors temperature and relative humidity affects PM concentration levels.
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32 PM2.5 and PM10 air samples collected in summer,autumn and winter of 2008 and early 2009 were analyzed to assess the air quality of Lanzhou city.The results showed that over the monitoring period,PM2.5(with USA air quality standard) and PM10 were beyond the standard.The exceeding rates of the twoparticls were from 32.3% to 167.7% and 23.1% to 480% for summer,autumn and winter respectively.The proportion of PM2.5 in PM10 was from 62.10 to 77.41% and appeared the rising trend.The PM2.5 standard in air quality in China is under discussion,so it is dramatically hard to put it under control.
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Five classrooms in a Primary School in Xuanwu District of Beijing were chosen for investigation of indoor air quality. In the autumn measurement period and in the winter measurement period, various dust particle fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) were monitored indoors and outdoors continuously by portable monitors and samplers. Applying statistical software, the impact of different parameters on particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) mass concentration was then quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions were included as follows: (1) Exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 in the indoor air of classrooms in autumn and in winter was high, especially that of PM2.5 in autumn. (2) The indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were related to different parameters including relative humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, area of opened windows or louver windows, number of students and room volume/student and so on. (3) No marked differences in indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were observed between autumn and winter (p>0.05). However, a statistically significant influence of class level on the indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations was apparent in both measurement periods (p<0.05).
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Indoor air quality parameters were investigated in an occupied air–conditioned office and unoccupied air–conditioned office located in the Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Complex in Akwa Ibom State University – Nigeria, during the rainy (June – July) and dry (November – December) seasons of 2016. Particulate matter (PM1, PM2, PM5, PM10), temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were simultaneously measured in fourteen (14) sampling days using Fluke 985 Particle Counter and Fluke 975 AirMeter. The concentrations of particulate matter in the occupied air–conditioned office during the rainy season ranged from 5152 – 5984 μg/m3 for PM1; 2744 – 3015 μg/m3 for PM2; 137 – 149 μg/m3 for PM5 and 36 – 50 μg/m3 for PM10 and in the unoccupied air–conditioned office, the concentrations of particulate matter ranged from 1898 – 2556 μg/m3 for PM1; 987 – 1311 μg/m3 for PM2; 38 – 59 μg/m3 for PM5 and 15 – 24 μg/m3 for PM10. During the dry season, the concentrations of particulate matter in the occupied air–conditioned office ranged from 5852 – 6510 μg/m3 for PM1; 4490 – 4992 μg/m3 for PM2; 335 – 362 μg/m3 for PM5 and 59 – 69 μg/m3 for PM10 and in the unoccupied air–conditioned office, the concentrations of particulate matter ranged from 2598 – 3112 μg/m3 for PM1; 1168 – 1694 μg/m3 for PM2; 153 – 257 μg/m3 for PM5 and 29 – 42 μg/m3 for PM10. This study has revealed that the particulate matter (PM1, PM2, PM5, PM10) concentrations in an occupied air–conditioned office were significantly (P 10 obtained in the present study were found to be much lower than the ambient maximum contaminant level for airborne PM10 standard promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (150 μg/m3 daily average and 50 μg/m3 annual average) and World Health Organization (WHO) PM10 guidelines values (50 μg/m3 daily average and 20 μg/m3 annual average). Although there were no significant relationships among PM1, PM2, PM5, and PM10 in occupied air-conditioned office, correlation analysis indicated that PM1, PM2 and PM5 were significantly correlated at P 2 were below detection limit (BDL), they indicated adequate air exchange at the time of the assessment in the air–conditioned office during the sampling period. The results obtained have revealed important contributions towards the understanding of particulate matter distribution patterns and provided baseline data that can be used for potential identification of human health risks associated with airborne particulate matter in air–conditioned offices in Akwa Ibom State University – Nigeria.
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