Identification of Resting State Networks Involved in Executive Function
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The structural networks in the human brain are consistent across subjects, and this is reflected also in that functional networks across subjects are relatively consistent. These findings are not only present during performance of a goal oriented task but there are also consistent functional networks during resting state. It suggests that goal oriented activation patterns may be a function of component networks identified using resting state. The current study examines the relationship between resting state networks measured and patterns of neural activation elicited during a Stroop task. The association between the Stroop-activated networks and the resting state networks was quantified using spatial linear regression. In addition, we investigated if the degree of spatial association of resting state networks with the Stroop task may predict performance on the Stroop task. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the Stroop activated network can be decomposed into a number of resting state networks, which were primarily associated with attention, executive function, visual perception, and the default mode network. The close spatial correspondence between the functional organization of the resting brain and task-evoked patterns supports the relevance of resting state networks in cognitive function.Keywords:
Stroop effect
Task-positive network
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Abstract The resting state default mode network (DMN) has been shown to characterize a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests an underlying genetic basis for this network and hence could serve as potential endophenotype for these disorders. Heritability is a defining criterion for endophenotypes. The DMN is measured either using a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan or by extracting resting state activity from task‐based fMRI. The current study is the first to evaluate heritability of this task‐derived resting activity. 250 healthy adult twins (79 monozygotic and 46 dizygotic same sex twin pairs) completed five cognitive and emotion processing fMRI tasks. Resting state DMN functional connectivity was derived from these five fMRI tasks. We validated this approach by comparing connectivity estimates from task‐derived resting activity for all five fMRI tasks, with those obtained using a dedicated task‐free resting state scan in an independent cohort of 27 healthy individuals. Structural equation modeling using the classic twin design was used to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to variance for the resting‐state DMN functional connectivity. About 9–41% of the variance in functional connectivity between the DMN nodes was attributed to genetic contribution with the greatest heritability found for functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate and right inferior parietal nodes ( P < 0.001). Our data provide new evidence that functional connectivity measures from the intrinsic DMN derived from task‐based fMRI datasets are under genetic control and have the potential to serve as endophenotypes for genetically predisposed psychiatric and neurological disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3893–3902, 2014 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .
Endophenotype
Human Connectome Project
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Task-positive network
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Eyes open
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Task-positive network
Human brain
Network Analysis
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Task-positive network
Mind Wandering
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Low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) oscillations in resting state fMRI signal have been studied for some years and are now attracting interest in terms of their relationship to the so-called 'default mode' of the brain. The default mode network is identified as those brain areas which are active during rest and is believed to be associated with background environmental surveillance. In this study, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of the default mode network in the resting state across the whole brain, using a combination of model-based and data-driven approaches: a cosine basis set approach, the independent component analysis (ICA) and functional connectivity analysis. The correlated regions with low frequency fluctuations revealed by all three methods include a number of key nodes of the proposed default-mode network. Most importantly we have also identified the cerebellum and angular gyrus as possible major default mode nodes.
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Neuroimaging studies have revealed the recruitment of a range of neural networks during the resting state, which might reflect a variety of cognitive experiences and processes occurring in an individual's mind. In this study, we focused on the default mode network (DMN) and attentional networks and investigated their association with distinct mental states when participants are not performing an explicit task. To investigate the range of possible cognitive experiences more directly, this study proposes a novel method of resting-state fMRI experience sampling, informed by a phenomenological investigation of the fluctuation of mental states during the resting state. We hypothesized that DMN activity would increase as a function of internal mentation and that the activity of dorsal and ventral networks would indicate states of top-down versus bottom-up attention at rest. Results showed that dorsal attention network activity fluctuated as a function of subjective reports of attentional control, providing evidence that activity of this network reflects the perceived recruitment of controlled attentional processes during spontaneous cognition. Activity of the DMN increased when participants reported to be in a subjective state of internal mentation, but not when they reported to be in a state of perception. This study provides direct evidence for a link between fluctuations of resting-state neural activity and fluctuations in specific cognitive processes.
Task-positive network
Experience sampling method
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Mind Wandering
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Task-positive network
Posterior cingulate
Neuropsychological Assessment
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The default mode network (DMN) has a unique activity pattern in the resting brain. Studies on resting-state brain activity are helpful to identify various brain dynamic characteristics of patients with mental diseases and those of healthy people. The brain produces a series of changes in different eye states. However, the relationship between eye states and the DMN, which is closely related to the resting state, has not been widely examined. This study recruited 42 healthy students aged 17-22. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Thereafter, the electroencephalogram data was collected with the patients' eyes open and closed. Changes in neural oscillation and the DMN's information transmission during different eye openness states were compared. The results showed that the neural oscillation activities of the parietal-occipital network such as the superior parietal lobule and precuneus were significantly enhanced in the eyes open state. In addition, the effective connectivity within the DMN was enhanced during opened eyes, especially from the left precuneus to the left posterior cingulate cortex, and this connectivity was negatively correlated with the Vigor-Activity mood state in the eyes open state. The activity of the DMN in the resting-state is regulated by eye states, which may relate to mood and emotional perception.
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