The effect of temperature on the growth of genus Synechococcus isolated from four Indonesian hot springs and Agathis small lake of Universitas Indonesia
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Six (6) hot springs strains and two (2) Synechococcus strains from Universitas Indonesia have been observed to determine the maximum growth temperature of those strains. The strains were as follows: HS-1 (CIS001), HS-7 (CIS007), HS-8 (RDB001), HS-9 (RDB002), HS-13 (RDB006), HS-18 (PAN005), UI-56 (6_Ag7air) and UI-57 (9_Ag9air) strains. The eight strains were isolated from three (3) hot springs in West Java (Ciseeng, Rawa Danau Banten, and Pancar Mountain) and one (1) small lake in Universitas Indonesia (Agathis). The water temperature of habitats were ranges at 36-43 °C (Ciseeng), 35-50 °C (Rawa Danau Banten), 46-69 °C (Pancar Mountain), and 27-29 °C (Agathis small lake). Incubation temperature were 23±1 °C (A), 30±1 °C (B), 35 °C (C), and 50 °C (D), while the observed parameters were cell density during growing and chlorophyll content. Observations were conducted over a period of 42 days. The results showed that all of Synechococcus strains experienced growth phases, i.e. the adaptation (lag) phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The average of cell density of Synechococcus strains decreased at T0-T1 and started to increase at T2 and T3. The highest cell density on the growth curve was found at around 14 days (T14) days for the temperatures of 20 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C, while it was found at around 35 days (T35) for the temperature of the 50 °C. The highest chlorophyll content acquired during studies was differed from each strain. Overall the highest chlorophyll content occurred at the treatment temperature of 20 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C, and the lowest occurred at the treatment temperature of 50 °C. However, exception was observed on HS-1 (CIS001) strain grown at a temperature of 50 °C which experienced the highest levels of chlorophyll content at T42. The maximum growth temperature of Synechococcus strains were observed at temperatures between 30 °C and 35 °C.Keywords:
Hot spring
Maximum temperature
The microzooplankton grazed on cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp. ) was vigorous in Bohai Sea and Huiquan Bay. While there was the microzooplankto in our experimental water, cyanobacteria of daily growth rates were 0. 02-0. 28/d in Bobai Sea (in spring) and - 0. 122-0. 180/d in Huiquan Bay (in spring and autumn). Without the microzooplank- ton, the rates were 0. 38-0. 70/d in Behai Sea and 0. 133- 0. 285/d in Huiquan Bay.
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Marine cyanobacteria are a source of bioactive natural compounds, with a wide range of biotechnological applications. However, information on sponge-associated cyanobacteria are relatively scarce to date. In this paper, we carried out the morphological and molecular characterization of eight cyanobacterial strains, previously isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis, and evaluated their biological activities on epithelial- and neuron-like cultured cells of human and murine origin. The new analysis allowed maintaining the assignment of three strains (Cyanobium sp., Leptolyngbya ectocarpi, and Synechococcus sp.), while two strains previously identified as Synechococcus sp. and Leptolyngbya sp. were assigned to Pseudanabaena spp. One strain, i.e., ITAC104, and the ITAC101 strain corresponding to Halomicronema metazoicum, shared extremely high sequence identity, practically representing two clones of the same species. Finally, for only one strain, i.e., ITAC105, assignment to a specific genus was not possible. Concerning bioactivity analyses, incubation of cyanobacterial aqueous cell supernatants induced variable responses in cultured cells, depending on cell type, with some of them showing toxic activity on human epithelial-like cells and no toxic effects on human and rat neuron-like cells. Future investigations will allow to better define the bioactive properties of these cyanobacteria strains and to understand if they can be useful for (a) therapeutic purpose(s).
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Picocyanobacteria, the smallest cell-size cyanobacteria, are numerous and ubiquitous in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. In freshwater, they are represented mainly by genera including Synechococcus, Cyanobium, and Synechocystis, and in marine waters, predominantly by Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Several Synechocystis and Synechococcus isolates from freshwater and brackish environments were found to produce hepatotoxins from the microcystin group. A strain of Synechococcus from the Salton Sea, capable of microcystin-LR and microcystin-YR production, was shown to be closely related to marine Synechococcus. A Synechococcus strain isolated from the Mazurian Lake Bełdany was shown to have mcy genes, closely related to the Planktothrix mcy-gene cluster. Other results suggest that picocyanobacteria may be also a source of neurotoxins (neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine), lipopolysaccharides, taste, and odour compounds as well as cytotoxic and antimicrobial compounds. These findings suggest that picocyanobacteria can be a new potential source of toxins and other bioactive compounds in freshwaters and marine environments that have, so far, been overlooked.
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The marine sponge Xestospongia muta (Porifera: Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) harbours cyanobacteria in its peripheral tissue that have been described as having an Aphanocapsa feldmanni-type appearance. Through subsequent cell fractionation steps we obtained a virtually pure cell suspension of the cyanobacteria. Through amplification of a region of the 16S rRNA gene we found that these cyanobacteria seem closely related to Prochlorococcus (Cyanobacteria, Prochlorophytes, Prochlorococcaceae), and Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria, Chroococcales, Synechococcus). We furthermore developed a new method, to obtain a clear signal with FISH by bleaching the auto-fluorescence of cyanobacteria, with osmium tetroxide. The location and morphological characteristics of the cyanobacteria are described by both light and electron microscopy.
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Cyanobacteria are prominent constituents of the marine biosphere that account for a significant percentage of oceanic primary productivity. In an effort to resolve how open-ocean cyanobacteria persist in regions where the Fe concentration is thought to be limiting their productivity, we performed a number of Fe stress experiments on axenic cultures of marine Synechococcus spp., Crocosphaera sp., and Trichodesmium sp. Through this work, we determined that all of these marine cyanobacteria mount adaptive responses to Fe stress, which resulted in the induction and/or repression of several proteins. We have identified one of the Fe stress-induced proteins as an IdiA homologue. Genomic observations and laboratory data presented herein from open-ocean Synechococcus spp. are consistent with IdiA having a role in cellular Fe scavenging. Our data indicate that IdiA may make an excellent marker for Fe stress in open-ocean cyanobacterial field populations. By determining how these microorganisms respond to Fe stress, we will gain insight into how and when this important trace element can limit their growth in situ. This knowledge will greatly increase our understanding of how marine Fe cycling impacts oceanic processes, such as carbon and nitrogen fixation.
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The marine picocyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 possesses two glutamine synthetases (EC 6.3.2.1), GSI encoded by glnA and GSIII encoded by glnN. This is the first work addressing the physiological regulation of both enzymes in a marine cyanobacterial strain. The increase of GS activity upon nitrogen starvation was similar to that found in other model cyanobacteria. However, an unusual response was found when cells were grown under darkness: the GS activity was unaffected, reflecting adaptation to the environment where they thrive. On the other hand, we found that GSIII did not respond to nitrogen availability, in sharp contrast with the results observed for this enzyme in other cyanobacteria thus far studied. These features suggest that glutamine synthetase activities in Synechococcus sp. WH7803 represent an intermediate step in the evolution of cyanobacteria, in a process of regulatory streamlining where GSI lost the regulation by light, while GSIII lost its responsiveness to nitrogen. This is in good agreement with the phylogeny of Synechococcus sp. WH7803 in the context of the marine cyanobacterial radiation.
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Indications of differential transcriptional regulation of fatty acid synthesis in the model cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942
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