TIME TRENDS IN THE US RACIAL DIFFERENCE IN HYPERTENSION
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This paper explores time trends in racial differences in hypertension and in mortality from complications from hypertension in the United States. Mortality data were derived from death certificate data compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics and presented in the 1981 Report of the Working Group on Arteriosclerosis. Prevalence data were obtained from five populations--6,672 people screened in 1960-1962 by the National Health Examination Survey (NHES); 20,749 screened in 1971-1975 by the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I); 158,539 screened in 1973-1974 by the Hypertension Detection and Followup Program (HDFP); 1 million persons screened in 1973-1975 by the Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinics (CHEC); and 20,325 screened in 1976-1980 by the second Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES II). Mortality data indicate that the nonwhite/white ratios for mortality from complications of hypertension increased between 1940 and 1967 and decreased between 1968 and 1978. Prevalence data show a corresponding recent decrease in black minus white mean blood pressure. Some of the decrease appears to be due to a greater improvement in hypertension control for blacks than for whites. Time trends in the black/white ratio in prevalence of hypertension were examined with differential treatment effects controlled by inclusion as hypertensive those on drug therapy. The results indicate that in addition to differential changes in therapy, the ratio of black/white prevalence of hypertension may also be decreasing. Additional studies are needed to confirm this finding and to explore time changes in racial patterns of risk factors for hypertension.Keywords:
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The process by which mortality statistics are compiled in the RSA and the potential impact on public health are discussed. The use of the international death certificate is outlined; this is compared with the South African death certificate to illustrate the importance of establishing the chain of events leading to death. The distinction between underlying and direct causes of death in compiling mortality statistics and planning public health intervention is considered. The major part played by medical practitioners in the death certification process is emphasised, and some of the areas in which mortality data could be improved are highlighted.
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The National Center for Health Statistics' (NCHS) National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) collects and reports annual mortality statistics using U.S. death certificate data. Because of the time needed to investigate certain causes of death and to process and review death data, final annual mortality data for a given year are typically released 11 months after the end of the calendar year. Provisional data, which are based on the current flow of death certificate data to NCHS, provide an early estimate of deaths, before the release of final data. NVSS routinely releases provisional mortality data for all causes of death and for deaths associated with COVID-19.* This report is an overview of provisional U.S. mortality data for 2022, including a comparison with 2021 death rates. In 2022, approximately 3,273,705 deaths† occurred in the United States. The estimated 2022 age-adjusted death rate decreased by 5.3%, from 879.7 per 100,000 persons in 2021 to 832.8. COVID-19 was reported as the underlying cause or a contributing cause in an estimated 244,986 (7.5%) of those deaths (61.3 deaths per 100,000). The highest overall death rates by age, race and ethnicity, and sex occurred among persons who were aged ≥85 years, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN), non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), and male. In 2022, the four leading causes of death were heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and COVID-19. Provisional death estimates provide an early indication of shifts in mortality trends and can guide public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing mortality, including deaths directly or indirectly associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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This report presents a detailed description of the sample design for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94, including a brief description of research that led to the choice of the final design. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is one of the major surveys of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Information on the health and nutritional status of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States is collected through the NHANES household interviews and standardized physical examinations.
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An interactive, on-line computer system to store and retrieve detailed mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) has been developed for epidemiologic studies. The system contains information on every death certificate sent to NCHS for 1965 to 1976 (except for 1972). The system contains the following information on each death certificate: year of death; county of residence at time of death; cause of death by 4-digit ICDA codes; and the age, sex, and race of the decedent. Population data for 1965-76 are also in the system and used in the calculation of rates.
The user specifies year or years of interest and the causes of death by 4-digit ICDA codes. Data may be obtained for counties, states, census divisions, or the entire U.S. Output is provided for age-sex-race groups and includes the number dead or age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates.
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COC - Census Occupation Code n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified NOTE: The comparable number of asbestosis deaths in the entire United States for this same time period was 10,914. Percentages may not total to 100% due to rounding. See selected limitations for general cautions regarding inferences based on small numbers of deaths, and see appendices for source description, methods, ICD codes, industry and occupation codes, and list of selected states and years. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics multiple cause-of-death data.
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CHANGES in the national death certificate model, which became effective on January 1, are likely to help physicians provide more complete and accurate information, particularly in the "cause-of-death" section, according to Harry M. Rosenberg, MD, chief, Mortality Statistics Branch, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Md. Officials meet to revise the US Standard Certificate of Death and other vital statistics certificates every 10 years, striving to improve the quality of health statistics, Rosenberg says. They send the revised copies as recommendations to the 50 states. State officials have the option to accept or reject the changes for their own certificates, although their revisions must be approved by federal officials. Most states already have included many of this year's recommendations in their own certificates, according to George Tolson, a statistician at the National Center for Health Statistics.
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Abstract The purposes and uses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are briefly described relative to environmental concerns. Questions are posed that essentially define barriers to incorporating important environmental exposure and burden assessments in future NHANES programs. Actions to aid in overcoming the barriers are proposed.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Current Population Survey (CPS) Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA) First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1990 National Hospital Discharge Survey (1990 NHDS) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (1988 NMIHS) 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey (1986 NMFS)
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