Development of target-site resistance (TSR) in Alopecurus myosuroides in Germany between 2004 and 2012
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Summary Evolved resistance to herbicides is a classic example of ‘evolution in action’. This paper calls for a greater integration of ‘evolutionary‐thinking’ into herbicide resistance research. This integration, it is argued, should lead weed scientists to become less focused on simply describing resistance and more driven towards a deeper understanding of the evolutionary forces that underpin resistance evolution. I have attempted in this short paper to initiate a debate into how this might be done. In the first instance, I have highlighted the widespread misunderstanding and mis‐measurement by weed scientists of fitness and fitness costs. I have also speculated on the potential for herbicide rotations to exacerbate resistance problems by selecting for generalist (metabolic) resistance. Finally, I have discussed in greater detail the contribution of herbicide rates to resistance evolution and have reported work conducted in Australia which has shown the potential for low herbicide doses to rapidly select for very high levels of resistance in Lolium rigidum . The controversial hypotheses and suggestions put forward need to be tested by field experimentation. They may prove to be unfounded or incorrect, but if they cause us to question and expand the current resistance paradigm they will have been useful.
Lolium rigidum
Fitness landscape
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Herbicide resistance in weeds is perhaps the most prominent research area within the discipline of weed science today. Incidence, management challenges, and the cost of multiple-resistant weed populations are continually increasing worldwide. Crop cultivars with multiple herbicide-resistance traits are being rapidly adopted by growers and land managers to keep ahead of the weed resistance tsunami. This Special Issue of Plants comprises papers that describe the current status and future outlook of herbicide resistance research and development in weedy and domestic plants, with topics covering the full spectrum from resistance mechanisms to resistance management. The unifying framework for this Special issue, is the challenge initially posed to all of the contributors: what are the (potential) implications for herbicide resistance management?
Weed science
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Mechanisms of herbicide resistance How resistance occurs Chronology of herbicide resistance Herbicide resistance case study – black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) The future development of herbicide resistance References
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The evolution of the weed’s resistance to herbicide is important problem in weed control.It is worth paying special attention to nowadays,especially to the evolution of many invading weed species.Here we summaried the development of the study on weed biotype,focusing on the mechanisms of weed biotype evolution and resistance to herbicide.
Weed science
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Definitions The incidence of resistant weeds Herbicide groups affected by resistance Agronomic factors influencing the development of resistance Cross-resistance patterns and resistance mechanisms: a case study How does resistance develop? Evolution of resistance Prevention and management of herbicide resistance
Cross-resistance
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Abstract BACKGROUND A herbicide resistance survey was conducted in Germany to determine farmers' awareness of herbicide resistance and experience with resistant weeds, the information sources on herbicide resistance used and the methods employed to confirm resistance. In addition, the application pattern and perception of resistance management strategies by farmers were assessed. RESULTS The majority of farmers (88%) were aware of the presence of herbicide resistance cases in Germany and 64% and 50% of farmers reported that resistant weeds had been detected in their county and on their farm, respectively. Resistance management strategies were reported to be applied by 87% of the farmers and three clusters of different resistance management approaches used to minimize the evolution of resistant weed populations were identified and linked to farmers' perception of resistance and farm management characteristics. When asked about obstacles to adopting resistance management strategies, higher cost was the obstacle most cited by farmers, followed by weather and labour intensity/labour costs. CONCLUSION Outcomes from this survey may help researchers and crop consultants to increase understanding of farmers' perception of herbicide resistance issues, to improve knowledge dissemination concerning herbicide resistance and to develop resistance management programmes with high agronomic practicability and acceptance by farmers. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
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The aim of WP2 is to assess the weed suppressive ability of crop mixtures as a function of species and densities, using a functional approach. During 2016, field experiments and controlled experiments with mixtures of barley and pea were conducted in Sweden and Poland. The performance of crop mixtures was compared to the performance of pure crops with regard to their ability to suppress weeds. In the fields, natural weed populations were used while the controlled experiments employed Elytrigia repens or Sinapis alba as a model weed. The purpose was to quantify weed suppressive ability of the crops, the impact of weeds on crop yield, and to identify crop traits responsible for the effects on weeds and crop yield.
Preliminary results from the controlled experiment in Sweden showed that the presence of a crop (sole crop or intercrop) significantly diminished the growth of E. repens. The ability to compete (weed suppressive ability) was lower in peas, compared to barley and the intercrop. No significant differences were found in the ability to withstand competition (weed tolerance) between sole cropped pea, sole cropped barley, and the intercrop. In the field experiment, the overall weed pressure was rather high (> 500 g DM plot-1). No significant differences in total dry matter were found for spring barley, sown in different proportions in pea/spring barley mixtures. Total dry matter of peas was related to pea seeding density.
Preliminary results from the field experiment in Poland showed that crops significantly suppressed weeds compared with the treatment containing only weeds. In the crop combination containing sole peas and 70% peas + 30% spring barley, the crop was not able to suppress the weeds as efficient as in treatments with a higher proportion of spring barley. No significant differences in seed yield were found between the treatments. In the glass house experiment with E. repens, the rhizome dry weight and rhizome length were significantly lower in treatments with both crop and weeds as compared with pure weeds.
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Changes in weed spectra may be the result of a great variety of factors, such as changes in plant management. The European Weed Research Society (EWRS) weed mapping working group has systematically documented and analysed data since 2009, which may be used for the prediction of weed changes. The EWRS working group on weed mapping produced a first overview on the three most common monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds in the three most important arable crops in Europe: winter cereals, maize and oilseed rape. A number of scientists within the EWRS weed mapping working group are interested in the distribution of weeds on regional or field levels. The proceedings of the 2011 workshop refer to a few examples of local mapping approaches. One major aspect of these is the assessment of risks associated with different infestation levels and the site-specific control of weeds in arable fields.
Arable land
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Today, herbicide-resistant weeds dominate research and development efforts in the discipline of weed science. The incidence, management challenges, and cost of multiple herbicide-resistant weed populations are continually increasing worldwide. Crop varieties with multiple herbicide-resistance traits are being rapidly adopted by growers and land managers to keep ahead of the weed resistance tsunami. This Special Issue of Plants comprises papers that describe the current status and future outlook of herbicide resistance research and development in weedy and domestic plants, with topics covering the full spectrum from resistance mechanisms to resistance management. The unifying framework for this Special issue is the challenge posed to all of the contributing authors: What are the (potential) implications for herbicide resistance management?
Weed science
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Tolerance and Resistance Mechanisms of Resistance Definitions Used in Herbicide Resistance Literature History of Glyphosate Resistance Development in Weeds Glyphosate Resistance—An Evolutionary Take Conclusions References
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