Interactions between Water-soluble Dye and Cationic Surfactant and Effects of Added Alcohol
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In water-soluble dye, possessing -SO3- groups and the cationic surfactant (DTAB or CTAB) system, phase separation with precipitation and redissolution of precipitation were observed to result from cooperative-way between the dye and surfactant. On adding cationic surfactant to the dye aqueous solution, insoluble sedimentation occured. With further increase in cationic surfactant, precipitation was completely redissolved in aqueous solution. Flocculation was due to the electrostatic interaction between the dye and cationic surfactant and a hydrophobic layer would be formed on the dye since the tails of surfactant were facing the water phase. Redissolution was the cause for adsorption of cationic surfactant as micelles on the dye.Redissolved solution in dye/DTAB or CTAB/water systems showed high viscosity. The addition of short-chain alcohol (1-propanol) lead to lower viscosity and prevention of aggregation. Surface tension, electro-conductivity and static light scattering measurements clearly indicated 1-propanol to be essential to interactions between the surfactant and dye.Keywords:
Cationic polymerization
In order to solve the problem of heavy oil sewage treatment,a multifunctional cationic flocculant was prepared from acrylamide and cationic monomer by coordination polymerization;On the base of this cationic flocculant,an anionic flocculant was also prepared by introducing Cl-.Water purifying flocculating effect of two flocculants has their respective advantages.The experiment results show that oil content in sewage treated with the flocculants in Shuwulian sewage treatment reaches 17.5 mg/L,COD reaches 82.4 mg/L,and suspended matter reaches 95.7 mg/L.
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Study on preparation and flocculation performance of cationic polyacrylamide-starch graft copolymers
Three cationic polyacrylamide-starch graft copolymer flocculants,ZHYC-n,with different cationic charge density were prepared.When the mass ratio of acrylamide to starch is more than 2.0,the graft frequency is not increased markedly while the relative molecular mass of side chain is increased.The flocculation performance of these flocculants was determined and compared with the typical cationic flocculant CPAM.The experimental results indicate that the flocculation effect increases with the cationic charge density of the flocculants increasing.The flocculation efficiency of ZHYC-70 is about 30 times more than that of the CPAM.But cationic charge density in molecular chain of flocculants is not unique dominating factor affecting the flocculation effect.Multi-side-chain structure of cationic starch graft copolymer flocculants can improve flocculation effect markedly.
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With the aid of pH variation, direct transformation of a "1−1" cationic−anionic surfactant pair to a "1−2" cationic−anionic surfactant pair was attained in the system of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and n-decylphosphoric acid. Owing to the transformation of a "1−1" pair to a "1−2" pair, diverse microstructures and peculiar phase behavior in this cationic−anionic surfactant mixture was obtained at different pH. It is proposed that pH can be manipulated for effectively tailoring the self-assembled organization in this cationic−anionic surfactant system, including spherical micelle, wormlike micelle, vesicle, and lamellar structure. In contrast to the conventional "1−1" surfactant pair, the "1−2" cationic−anionic surfactant pair exhibits unexpectedly weak aggregating ability. It is suggested that the hydrated volume of surfactant headgroup should be taken into consideration to better elucidate the self-assembly behavior of these "1−2" cationic−anionic surfactant mixtures.
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Cationic polymerization
Polyacrylamide
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A method for treating both the equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of polydisperse surfactant solutions is introduced and explored. The model is expressed in terms of a pseudo-single-surfactant approximation, where the polydisperse mixture is treated as if it were a pure single-component surfactant. The theory presented is based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and suggests that polydisperse surfactants behave as pseudo-single surfactants at equilibrium but diverge from the pseudo-single approach under certain dynamic conditions. Parametric studies provide further insight, suggesting that the dynamic surface tension of polydisperse solutions approaches the pseudo-single-surfactant approximation when competition for interfacial area by surfactant molecules is absent. For systems where competitive adsorption is present, surface tension generally equilibrates more slowly. Finally, the static and dynamic surface tensions of the Tergitol 15-S-n series, an important commercial grade nonionic surfactant, are analyzed in terms of the pseudo-single-surfactant approach. It is observed that the Szyszkowski surface tension equation satisfactorily approximates the equilibrium surface tension for all Tergitols at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration. The pseudo-single-surfactant approach provides a good prediction of dynamic surface tension for the lower Tergitols (15-S-5, 15-S-7, and 15-S-9), but fails to capture the slow equilibration observed in higher Tergitols (15-S-12, 15-S-15, and 15-S-20). This observation is rationalized in terms of the expected lower surface activity of the higher Tergitols.
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate
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Flocculation is one of technologies that are used in water and wastewater treatment.Flocculant is the core of the technology.Compared with inorganic flocculants,polymeric flocculants have some advantages,including economic,high efficiency,low toxicity and so on.which draw many attentions.Cationic organic polymeric flocculant can be more suitable in water treatment because of it has cationic groups that can be ionized in water.This paper introduces the synthesis and application of the cationic polymeric flocculants,including cationic polyacrylamide,modified cationic high polymer flocculants from natural high polymer,DMDAAC etc.
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The sections in this article are: 1 Background 1.1 Early Contributors 1.2 Relevance of Alveolar Surface Film 1.3 Current Model of Lung Surfactant Action 2 Definition and Measurement of Surface Tension 2.1 Generation of Interfacial Tension 2.2 Methods 3 Adsorption and Spreading of Surfactant Films 3.1 Form of Surfactant 3.2 Factors Affecting Adsorption and Spreading 4 Properties of Films Related to Lung Surfactant 4.1 Low Surface Tension and Other Quasi-Static Film Properties 4.2 Dynamic Film Properties 5 Influence of Surface Tension on Lung Pressure-Volume Behavior 5.1 Static Properties 5.2 Dynamic Properties 6 Turnover and Recycling of Surfactant Components 6.1 Possible Recycling Paths 6.2 Local Monolayer Recycling 6.3 Extramonolayer Recycling Pathways 7 Summary of Lung Surfactant Properties 7.1 Rapid Adsorption and Spreading 7.2 Low Surface Tension When Film is Compressed 7.3 Stable Low Surface Tension 8 Future Considerations
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Abstract This paper presents the dependence of the surface tension on the surfactant concentration and on the temperature for anionic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with a concentration of 1 mmol/L and two-ionic lauryl hydroxysultaine (LHS) with a concentration of 2.8 mmol/L. At a low concentration of the surfactant, the surface tension drops sharply at a certain temperature, and at a high concentration it changes slightly, much slower than surface tension of the pure water. Surface tension rapidly drops because micelles in the bulk become unstable and surfactant particles relocate to the interface.
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