Serotype, Genotype and Resistance to Acryflavin of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Strains Isolated from Slaughter Pigs in Southern Kyusyu, Japan
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Serotypes and genotypes of 154 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains from slaughter pigs at Sueyoshi and Kanoya Meat Inspection Centers in southern Kyushu during the period of April 2004 to March 2006 were determined. The strains were classified into four serotypes, 1a (53 strains), 1b (4 strains), 2 (95 strains) and 11 (2strains). Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis categorized the strains into four genotypes, A (47 strains), B (6 strains), C (91 strains) and D (10 strains). Combination of the serotypes and genotypes formed two major types, 1a-A (47 strains; 29.9%) and 2-C (91 strains; 54.5%). The strains belonging to the major type la-A were isolated only from internal iliac lymph nodes and arthritic fluid, while the strains of the another major type 2-C were isolated from urticaria, kidneys, spleens, and knots of endocarditis. Multiple RAPD types were detected from some farms, but each major RAPD type appeared at the individual farms where the incidence of erysipelas was found to be high. The prevalence of acryflavin resistance among the strains was31.0%(47/154).Keywords:
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Erysipelas
RYSIPELAS was first reported in New York State turkeys in 1938 by Van Roekel.15 Since then numerous cases of erysipelas have been found in New York5'11 and the disease is now recognized as a considerable economic problem in adult turkey flocks. In experimental work on turkey erysipelas some workers have had difficulty in maintaining virulence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cultures and obtaining a consistent and high mortality in inoculated turkeys. Adler and Spencer', Dickinson et al.6, and Moynihan and Stovell10 reported that an irregular mortality resulted when susceptible turkeys were challenged by other than the intravenous route. Adler and Spencer' also mentioned that it was difficult to maintain virulence of E. rhusiopathiae cultures that were lyophilized. Peterson and Hymas12 reported good mortality when the intramuscular route was used in non-immune turkeys. The percutaneous (skin scarification) route as originally described by Fortner and Dinter7 was found to be the only way to reproduce erysipelas in swine consistently. Some work has been done on the efficacy of vaccines for protection of turkeys. Dickinson, et al.,6 reported a variable degree of protection to experimental challenge of vaccinated field flocks. Jerstad and Johns9 reported that vaccinated flocks
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains of serovars 1a(17 strains), 3(1), 5(2), 6(7), 8(1), 11(5), 21(1), or type N(3) isolated from slaughter pigs affected with chronic erysipelas, mainly arthritis or lymphadenitis, were tested for pathogenicity in mice and swine. One or more strains of serovars 5, 6, 8, 11, and type N induced local urticarial lesions in swine. Strains of serovar 1a showed a wide variety of pathogenic characteristics in swine, namely, induced generalized urticarial lesions with systemic symptom, local urticarial lesions, or no clinical sign. Likewise, most strains of serovar 1a were weakly virulent or non-virulent for mice, whereas most strains of the other serovars were highly virulent for mice. The existence of serovar 1a strains being more pathogenic for swine than mice was found. On the other hand, all strains of serovar 1a obtained from the cases of acute septicemic erysipelas killed mice, and mostly caused death in the acute phase in swine.
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Erysipelas was diagnosed in a layer breeder flock in Sweden in 2002. Although vertical transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has not been previously described in chickens, the potential of erysipelas infection to adversely affect hatching eggs was of concern. To clarify the possible impact of erysipelas on hatching eggs and their progeny, an experiment was done using 200 hatching eggs collected from the infected flock. The eggs were incubated for 21 days, and the egg shells, infertile eggs, dead-in-shell embryos, and a sample of day-old hatched chicks and blood samples from 5-day-old chicks were cultured for E. rhusiopathiae. In addition, after 28 days of grow-out, the male chickens were euthanatized and cultured for the bacterium, and the remaining female chickens were placed as a backyard flock and observed over a 4-mo period. Bacteriological test results of the above-mentioned samples were negative for E. rhusiopathiae. Mortality rates were not excessive, and no clinical symptoms of erysipelas were observed during the period of observation. The result of the investigation suggests that in layer breeder chickens, E. rhusiopathiae is not vertically or egg transmitted and that the disease outbreak in the parent stock had no adverse impact on the quality of hatching eggs in terms of increased embryo mortality.
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SUMMARY Swine were vaccinated with adsorbate bacterin made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently allotted to 4 exposure groups, each of which was exposed to 1 of the strains of E rhusiopathiae of serotypes 1, 2, 9, or 10. Mice were vaccinated with the same bacterin and were subsequently allotted to 60 exposure groups which were exposed to 60 strains of E rhusiopathiae , comprising 10 strains each of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11. Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by the presence of clinical signs of acute generalized erysipelas; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method. Vaccinated swine were as susceptible to the strain of serotype 10 as were nonvaccinated control swine, whereas vaccinated swine were immune and control swine were susceptible to the strains of serotypes 1 and 2. The strain of serotype 9 was not sufficiently virulent to induce acute generalized erysipelas, even in control swine. Arthritis was not prevented by vaccination, but its frequency and severity were less in vaccinated swine exposed to strains of serotype 1 or 2 than in those exposed to strains of serotype 9 or 10. Vaccinated mice were significantly ( P < 0.05) more susceptible to the strains of serotype 10 than to those of any other serotype tested.
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Swine erysipelas is an important bacterial disease of pigs caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; the clinical and pathological features of the disease have been well-described. Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has a significant economic impact on pig production systems worldwide. The organism has the ability to persist for long periods in the environment and survive in marine locations. Infection in man is occupationally related, occurring principally as a result of contact with animals, their products or wastes. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causative agent zoonotic and it affectet people. At highest risk are butchers, abattoir workers, veterinarians, farmers, fisherman, fish handlers, and housewives. In addition to others, swine erysipelas, when uncontrolled, is an economically significant disease Stages Capable of affecting all of pork production. Therefore, the impact of this infection has been both in economic losses and public health. Keywords: swine, erysipelas, zoonotic agent, public health.
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This review article was designed to spotlight on erysipelas infection of poultry regarding the disease history and nomenclature, the bacterium, virulence factors and pathogenicity, susceptibility, infection and transmission, pathology, human infection, laboratory diagnosis, and the prevention and control. Erysipelas is an acute emerging and occupational disease that affects a wide range of birds especially turkeys. The disease is caused by a bacterium, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae), which is a ubiquitous pathogen in the environment. Infection with E. rhusiopathiae is more common in adults than young birds and usually occur through mechanical skin injuries. Erysipelas in acute stage causes sudden death of infected birds, while some birds may show darkening of the skin or cyanosis in the head region and sharp drop in egg production. In post-mortem lesions, birds with E. rhusiopathiae show septicaemic picture, haemorrhages all over the body, valvular endocarditis, diffuse enlargement of internal organs, enteritis, and arthritis. The disease in human is known as erysipeloid and it mostly affects persons in direct contact with infected birds or contaminated poultry products. Strict biosecurity measures and treatment especially with penicillin derivatives are crucial for erysipelas control in infected birds. Living and inactivated vaccines for turkeys and other species of birds are used for prophylaxis.
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OBJECTIVE To establish the random amplification of ploymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing method of S.aureus and to apply it in the clinical strain identification and epidemiology investigation were studied. METHODS DNA from 15 clinical strains of S.aureus were extracted by phenol-chloroform method and used in the RAPD assay, phage typing were also performed. RESULTS Almost all the clinical strains showed stable and distinct RAPD pattern and were divided into 5 phagetypes and 14 RAPD profiles, while enterotoxin-producing S.aureus failed to show RAPD pattern using this assay. CONCLUSION RAPD provides markers for typing of clinical strains and is suitable for molecular epidemiologic studies with high typeability, powerful discrimination, simplicity and rapidness.
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Abstract. Erysipelas is a bacterial disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , which may infect swine as well as several other species of mammals and birds, including domestic fowl. In poultry, erysipelas may cause sudden high mortality due to septicemia. This communication describes the first isolation of E. rhusiopathiae from the haematophagous poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae DeGeer (Acari: Dermanyssidae), that was collected on three farms where hen erysipelas was diagnosed. The bacteria were isolated from the integument as well as from the interior of the mites. Serotypes 1a and 1b of E. rhusiopathiae found in the mites corresponded with those isolated from the diseased birds. These findings imply that D. gallinae is a potential vector of E. rhusiopathiae . The current lack of effective measures to control D. gallinae causes reoccurring mite problems in poultry facilities once afflicted by this parasite. Consequently, mites containing E. rhusiopathiae may act as reservoir hosts of this bacterium, allowing it to persist in the poultry house between flock cycles as a source of infection for the replacement pullets. The zoonotic potentials of both E. rhusiopathiae and D. gallinae should also be considered.
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