Towards Trust Assurance and Certification in Cyber-Physical Systems
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Keywords:
Cyber-physical system
Information assurance
Safety Assurance
System of systems
Summary form only given: The term "cyber-physical systems" designates systems with strongly coupled computational (cyber) and physical sub-systems. Several different knowledge and engineering domains are involved in this context, such as electronic system design, design automation, software engineering, control theory, and real-time systems. A very important aspect of cyber-physical systems is communication, which represents the information exchange and signal links between sensors, computational units and actuators of cyber-physical systems. The keynote will focus on the communication aspects of cyber-physical systems. It will review the state-of-the-art in this context and discuss important communication issues of cyber-physical systems when using examples taken from tele-operation, transportation, energy management, healthcare and complex machines.
Cyber-physical system
System of systems
Physical system
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Systems engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the development of large and complex systems, where a system is understood to be an assembly or combination of interrelated elements or parts working together toward a common objective. Past experience has shown that formal systems engineering methodologies have not always been successfully applied to large and complex information systems. Complex information systems are commonplace in Command and Control (C2) operations. The ability to build, operate and maintain such systems is crucial to the effectiveness of C2. Most importantly, an Information Assurance (IA) program must surround these systems on a global scale across multiple, joint, allied, inter-related platforms. In this paper, the authors will demonstrate why a systems engineering approach is best suited for large and complex information systems, as well as the overall information assurance operations that must also reside with these systems.
Information assurance
System of systems
Information engineering
Complex system
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Cyber-physical Systems of Systems (CPSoS) are large complex systems where physical elements interact with and are controlled by a large number of distributed and net-worked computing elements and human users. A SoS is an integration of a finite number of constituent systems which are independent and operable, and which are networked together for a period of time to achieve a certain higher goal. In order to specify and model such kind of systems, we need develop specification and modeling methods which would be capable to encompass the systems of systems (SoS) specific properties of cyber physical systems. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for specifying and modeling cyber physical systems based on system-of-systems approach. We propose an approach to support specification and modeling cyber physical systems based on systems of systems engineering by integrating AADL, Modelicalml and other modeling language. On the basis of the hierarchical concept of industrial CPS system, a hierarchical design scheme of industrial CPSoS system based on OPC UA heterogeneous data integration processing is proposed. This paper will also use AADL for modeling CPS on three levels: 1). robot on the unit level; 2) workshops of smart factory on the system level 3) intellectual factory on the SOS level. For the physical aspect of cyber physical system, this paper will propose a method to combine modelical, Simulink and AADL model to model a unit robot which can interaction with real environment.
Cyber-physical system
System of systems
Factory (object-oriented programming)
Physical system
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Today’s Department of Defense (DoD) system of system (SoS) programme managers, engineers, and practitioners face significant information assurance (IA) challenges related to the interoperability of their SoS. An IA threat to one system has varying degrees of risk to all the interconnected systems within an enclave or similarly labelled SoS. While current IA policies do address interconnection weaknesses and stipulate that the system with the highest amount of vulnerabilities will be accounted for, current policies, procedures and methods fall short in guidance on how to address the weaknesses beyond the first 1:1 interface in a SoS. The purpose of this paper is to define SoS and to analyse both the fundamental concepts and the latest publications regarding SoS IA policies, procedures and methods. The overall goal is to establish a framework from which the DoD can begin to address the policy reform required to mitigate IA vulnerabilities in modern SoS.
Information assurance
System of systems
Strengths and weaknesses
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We consider the role of collaborative modelling and co-simulation in the design of systems of cyber-physical systems (SoCPSs). Such systems pose particular challenges to model-based SoS engineering through the need to address the semantic heterogeneity of models of physical phenomena alongside models of the computing elements. We describe an approach to multidisciplinary design in which discrete-event models of computing elements are coupled with continuous-time models of physical processes and the environment, allowing the exploration of a design space of alternative allocations of responsibility to cyber and physical elements. We consider, using a case study based on the design of a swarming application, the challenges to be addressed in scaling this approach up from embedded systems design to systems of cyber-physical systems.
Cyber-physical system
Physical system
System of systems
Complex system
Discrete-Event Simulation
Physical space
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Cyber-physical system
Modelica
System of systems
Physical system
Modeling language
Complex system
Systems modeling
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Cyber-physical systems are highly connected context sensitive systems that form networks. Within these cyber-physical system-networks, behavior emerges from the interplay of the connected systems that cannot be attributed to a single system. Verifying single system behavior as well as the resulting emergent behavior of the system-network the single systems contribute to, is challenging as the intended behavior differs between the different cyber-physical system-networks the single system takes part in. It can even differ between two almost identical cyber-physical system-networks, which, for example, only differ by one system. To ensure correct behavior, requirements engineering for cyber-physical systems must cope with the identification and documentation of the cyber-physical system's dynamic context, i.e. the different system-networks the system takes part in (e.g., a system-network of vehicles forming a platoon on a highway) as well as the context situations these system-networks can encounter (e.g., road work leading to the need for lane shifts). This paper contributes a solution idea for automated support in identifying relevant system-networks the system will have to interact with and for verifying the cyber-physical system under development against these relevant system-networks.
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Physical system
System of systems
Identification
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Safety cases, as a means of demonstrating system safety, have been increasingly used as the basis for system assurance, especially in safety or mission-critical systems in fields such as offshore installation, railway operations, nuclear plants, and air traffic control. Despite the increased adoption of safety cases in the aforementioned areas, the usage of safety arguments is still limited in the certification of a civil aircraft design. This paper provides 1) a brief overview of the key regulations and guidelines in support of aero-system certification especially at the development stage; 2) a review of the history, the essence, and the practice of safety cases; 3) an analysis of the role of processes and safety arguments in aircraft certification; and 4) recommendations on the future work in terms of further application of safety cases in aircraft certification.
Safety Assurance
Safety case
System safety
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Safety Assurance
Information assurance
Common Criteria
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Dynamically forming networks of cyber-physical systems are becoming increasingly widespread in manufacturing, transportation, automotive, avionics and more domains. The emergence of future internet technology and the ambition for ever closer integration of different systems leads to highly collaborative cyber-physical systems. Such cyber-physical systems form networks to provide additional functions, behavior, and benefits the individual systems cannot provide on their own. As safety is a major concern of systems from these domains, there is a need to provide adequate support for safety analyses of these collaborative cyber-physical systems. This support must explicitly consider the dynamically formed networks of cyber-physical systems. This is a challenging task as the configurations of these cyber-physical system networks (i.e. the architecture of the super system the individual system joins) can differ enormously depending on the actual systems joining a cyber-physical system network. Furthermore, the configuration of the network heavily impacts the adaptations performed by the individual systems and thereby impacting the architecture not only of the system network but of all individual systems involved. As existing safety analysis techniques, however, are not meant for supporting such an array of potential system network configurations the individual system will have to be able to cope with at runtime, we propose automated support for safety analysis for these systems that considers the configuration of the system network. Initial evaluation results from the application to industrial case examples show that the proposed support can aid in the detection of safety defects.
Cyber-physical system
System of systems
Physical system
System safety
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