Strength Development with Resistance and Combined Exercise Training in Type 2 Diabetes
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Abstract:
Reduced muscular strength and low muscle quality due to a lack of physical activity leading to poor physical function are modifiable risk factors common in persons with type 2 diabetes. Resistance training has been shown to increase muscular strength, however, it is unclear if combining strength and endurance training may impede strength development in type 2 diabetes compared to performing resistance training only. PURPOSE: To compare the progression of strength development in previously inactive individuals with type 2 diabetes from the Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance clinical trial (DARE). METHODS: Following a 4-week run-in phase, participants were randomized to 22-weeks of aerobic training only (A), resistance training only (R), combined training (A+R) or a control group (C). Muscular strength was measured as the 8 repetition maximum (8RM) on the seated row, bench press and leg press at 0, 3 and 6 months. Training volume (weight lifted x number of repetitions x number of sets performed) was averaged monthly on 11 strength exercises. RESULTS: 8RM load increased between 0-3 months on the leg press (A: 28.9kg, R: 43kg, A+R: 27.4kg, C: 15.2kg), bench press (A: 7.5kg, R: 14.7kg, A+R: 8.9kg, C: 5.6kg) and seated row (A: 11.1kg, R: 11.7kg, A+R: 11.9kg, C: 6.6kg). Smaller increments also occurred between 3-6 months on the leg press (A: 15.1kg, R: 21.7kg, A+R: 14.2kg, C: 6.2kg), on the bench press (A: 10.7kg, R: 4.6 kg, A+R: 4.1kg, C: 0.4kg) and on the seated row (A: 2kg, R: 2kg, A+R: 2.9kg). Increments in training volume were significantly greater in R compared A+R on the seated row (962.5 vs. 718.1 kg, p=0.002), bench press (540.9 vs. 471.2 kg, p<0.001), biceps curl (451.6 vs. 286.2 kg, p=0.003), shoulder press (470.1 vs. 365.4 kg, p=0.016) and lateral pulldown (691.1 vs. 610.4 kg, p=0.044). CONCLUSION: Both R and A+R improved strength with a 6-month training program although upper body strength development appeared to progress at a higher rate with resistance training only.Keywords:
Bench press
Strength Training
Leg press
Aerobic Exercise
During the initial period of resistance training the rapid gains in muscular strength are mainly due to neuromuscular factors rather than morphological changes in the muscle tissue. It has been hypothesized that improvements in muscular strength may be elicited by simply practicing the resistance training movement and initial gains may be comparable to gains achieved through using an overload. PURPOSE: To compare changes in muscular strength in healthy older adults participating in a resistance training program using traditional resistance (TR) versus minimal resistance (MR). METHODS: 51 untrained, healthy older adults (mean±SD age: 67.5±5.9; BMI: 29.4±6.6) were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) TR group or 2) MR group. Training included five resistance training exercises (bench press, lat pulldown, cable upright rows, triceps pressdown, and leg curl) for three sets of ten repetitions on two days per week for four weeks. Subjects in the TR group exercised using 75% of their predicted one repetition maximum (1RM). Subjects in the MR group used a 5 ft. PVC pipe for the bench press exercise, and the lowest weight on the selectorized weight training machines for the other exercises. Following the pre-testing six follow-up tests were conducted. All five resistance training movements were tested with a 4RM to 6RM testing procedure and 1RM strength were predicted using appropriate equations. Each testing session was followed by training. Data were analyzed using a general linear mixed model and alpha level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Both the TR and MR groups showed significant improvement (p<0.001) in strength for all five exercises from pre- to post-test. Strength improvements in the TR group ranged from 13.1% and 36.0%, while in the MR group from 11.1% to 27.4%. Group by time interactions were not significant for the bench press (p=0.97), lat pulldown (p=0.58), cable upright row (p=0.94), triceps pressdown (p=0.31), and leg curl (p=0.29) exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study indicate that initial improvements in muscular strength may be elicited by practicing proper exercise technique without using resistance overloads. This style of program design may provide a safe and effective method of introduction to resistance training in older adults.
Bench press
Leg press
Strength Training
One-repetition maximum
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Monteiro, AG, Aoki, MS, Evangelista, AL, Alveno, DA, Monteiro, GA, Piçarro, IDC, and Ugrinowitsch, C. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J Strength Cond Res 23(4): 1321-1326, 2009-The purpose of our study was to compare strength gains after 12 weeks of nonperiodized (NP), linear periodized (LP), and nonlinear periodized (NLP) resistance training models using split training routines. Twenty-seven strength-trained men were recruited and randomly assigned to one of 3 balanced groups: NP, LP, and NLP. Strength gains in the leg press and in the bench press exercises were assessed. There were no differences between the training groups in the exercise pre-tests (p > 0.05) (i.e., bench press and leg press). The NLP group was the only group to significantly increase maximum strength in the bench press throughout the 12-week training period. In this group, upper-body strength increased significantly from pre-training to 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), from 4 to 8 weeks (p = 0.004), and from 8 weeks to the post-training (p < 0.02). The NLP group also exhibited an increase in leg press 1 repetition maximum at each time point (pre-training to 4 weeks, 4-8 week, and 8 weeks to post-training, p < 0.0001). The LP group demonstrated strength increases only after the eight training week (p = 0.02). There were no further strength increases from the 8-week to the post-training test. The NP group showed no strength increments after the 12-week training period. No differences were observed in the anthropometric profiles among the training models. In summary, our data suggest that NLP was more effective in increasing both upper- and lower-body strength for trained subjects using split routines.
Bench press
Leg press
Strength Training
Periodization
One-repetition maximum
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The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 10 weeks of resistance training with an isotonic bench press machine and 2 types of free-weight bench press exercises on several measures bench press strength. Specificity was investigated by comparing the ability to transfer strength gained from a type of training that differed from the mode of testing. Forty-nine men participated in the study. The subjects completed a pretest on the machine (MB), barbell (BB), isokinetic (IB), and log (LB) bench press to determine baseline strength and completed 10 weeks of training on the MB, BB, or LB. The 3 groups were tested to see whether differential training effects occurred from pre- to post- test scores on the BB, MB, LB, and peak force on the IB. By multivariate analysis, the trial-by-group interaction was not statistically significant. The multivariate and subsequent univariate analyses of variance tests indicated statistically significant effects from pre- to posttest for peak force on the IB test and the BB, MB, and LB. Correlations among the strength tests were high (0.92 ≥ r ≤ 0.97) and moderate between the strength tests and IB peak force (0.62 ≥ r ≤ 0.83). Mean 3 repetition maximum MB strength was 8% higher than BB strength, which was 3% higher than LB strength, indicating differences in the amount of stabilization required to control the resistance. The findings of this study showed that all 3 training groups significantly improved in strength during short-term training on the MB, BB, and LB. These data lend evidence that improved strength after training on the MB, BB, and LB equally transfers to strength gains on any of the 4 modes of testing. These results should be considered when including similar exercises varying in stability into the training program to improve strength.
Bench press
Strength Training
One-repetition maximum
Leg press
Univariate
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Many athletes avoid the creatine (Cr) supplementation to fear that water retention related to an osmotic load cause by Cr retention and consequently weight gains. PURPOSE: Verify effects of Cr supplementation and intense resistance training on body composition and muscular strength. METHODS: 29 male elite handball athletes from Sorocaba/SP-Brazil (17.1 ± 1.63 years) were divided into three groups: GC (N=10) they are constituted by individuals supplemented with creatine; GP (N=10) is the placebo group, and COT (N=9) is constituted by control athletes. The Cr supplementation was performed during 32 days. All individuals were undergone a resistance training periodized (linear) program aimed increase of muscular strength, which concomitantly began to Cr supplementation. At the beginning and at the end of supplementation period, fitness tests were also performed involving body composition, upper muscular area (UMA), and muscular strength (1RM) and while performing free-weight bench press. All subjects agreed in taking part in this research and signed up the Informed Consent. Test "t" of paired Student was performed as statistical analyses. RESULTS: The main revealed results related to physical fitness were that, it was only noticed significant statistical differences on RM which was increased in CG group (52.67 ± 8.90 vs., 62.50 ± 9.77 kg p<0,05). No differences were seen on body composition (weight, UMA and fat percent) in any of the groups studied, though. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, the Cr supplementation promoted increase on muscular strength without increase of weight body. This data suggested that athletes, who desire increase muscular strength, but they don't gain weight, can take advantage of in taking Cr supplementation with specific resistance training.
Bench press
Leg press
Creatine
Strength Training
Creatine Monohydrate
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The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscle fitness of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) basketball players after 8 weeks of resistant training. In this study twelve male athletes of Ho Chi Minh basketball utilized a two–group match. Randomly assigned design in a single-blind fashion to either creatine (n=6, mean age: 25.50±2.95 years) or placebo (n=6, mean age: 23.83± 4.12 years) group with 8 weeks of resistant training was measured for muscular fitness: muscular strength used 1-RM testing for upper body strength (bench press test), leg strength (leg press test), handgrip test, and Sergeant jump test; muscular power used Wingate Anaerobic 30 cycle Test to evaluate Peak Power Output (PP); muscular endurance used Curl Up Test to evaluate abdominal strength. All data were analyzed by computer statistical program. Significant level was set at 0.05 The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between creatine (105.00±13.784 kg) and Placebo group (85.00 ±15.166 kg) in mean bench press leg press (218.33±23.166(kg); 191.67±13.292 kg) and peak power (898.283±63.590 W; 831.000±32.437 W), relative peak power (11,967±0.585 W/kg; 10.917±0.741W/kg) and anaerobic capacity (9.517±0.256 W/kg; 9.000±0.410 W/kg). The muscular endurance was not statistically significant difference. It was concluded that after 8 weeks using creatine supplementation combined with resistant training and Creatine supplementation did not effect on muscular endurance, but had differences in the aspect of statistic significance in muscular strength and muscular power of HCMC basketball athletes.
Bench press
Creatine
Leg press
Creatine Monohydrate
Vertical jump
Basketball
Wingate test
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0291 Optimizing the type and timing of nutrient intake may be essential for promoting maximal gains in muscle strength and endurance in conjunction with a resistance training program. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consumption of a post-exercise recovery drink containing creatine, whey protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate (maltodextrin and fructose) combined with strength training resulted in greater improvements in muscular strength and endurance compared to placebo. Methods. Using a double-blind, placebo controlled design, 43 college-aged males were randomly assigned to receive supplement or placebo. Subjects completed a 10-week supervised, periodized strength training program with leg and abdominal exercises on Monday and Thursday and upper body exercises on Tuesday and Friday. Subjects had to complete > 70% of the workouts and receive at least 70% of the supplement/placebo doses in order to remain in the study. Before and after the 10-week program, 1-RM strength was determined for the free weight bench press and 45° leg press. Muscular endurance was measured as the repetitions completed with 80% of the 1-RM and as estimated external work (repetitions completed × resistance). Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA (time × group) with repeated measures on time. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results. Twenty-nine subjects (placebo: n = 12; supplement: n = 17) completed the study. Although 1-RM bench press and 45° leg press strength increased over the 10-week training period, there were no significant time × group interactions. Muscular endurance, whether determined as the number of repetitions completed with 80% of the 1-RM or as estimated external work, increased for the 45° leg press but not for the bench press over the 10-week strength training study. There were no time × group interactions for muscular endurance. Conclusion. During a short-term strength training program, consuming a recovery drink of creatine, whey protein, amino acids and carbohydrate post-exercise did not increase muscle strength and endurance compared with a placebo.
Bench press
Leg press
Strength Training
Creatine
Endurance Training
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PURPOSE: This study explored the efficacy of post workout supplementation with the sports nutrition product MyoZene, a protein-based product with creatine, on enhancing lean body mass and promoting strength gains when used in combination with a standardized resistance training program. METHODS: Twelve active healthy males, at least 18 years of age, with a minimum of 6 month history of resistance weight training were enrolled into a 4-week open label study of daily supplementation of a protein creatine product in combination with a 6-day split body resistance training program. Body composition was assessed via DXA and strength/endurance via performance of bench press and leg press exercises to exhaustion. Three warm up sets were completed prior to 2 sets of maximum repetitions to failure (sets 4 and 5), using 100% body weight for bench press and 200% body weight for leg press. RESULTS: Subjects tended to gain fat free mass (+0.97±1.55 kg; p=0.053) while slightly reducing the percent of body fat (-0.63±1.20%; p=0.095). Significant increases were seen in upper body strength/endurance [increased max reps for sets 4 and 5 at 4 weeks (+2.58±2.84 and +3.0±2.09; p=0.009 and <0.001 respectively)] as well as lower body strength/endurance [increased max reps for sets 4 and 5 at 4 weeks (+5.4±4.6 and +8.6±10.2; p= 0.002 and 0.004 respectively)]. The increases in strength from baseline were 24% mid-study and 32% at study end. There was no safety concerns noted. CONCLUSION: This is the first study with a protein-creatine product to show increases in muscular endurance/strength as high as 32%. Previous studies have found increases in the range of 5 to 15%. Additional research with a control group and longer duration is warranted.
Bench press
Leg press
Strength Training
Creatine
Sports nutrition
Creatine Monohydrate
Endurance Training
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a manual resistance training (MRT) program on muscular strength and endurance and to compare these effects with those of an identically structured weight resistance training (WRT) program. To do this, 84 healthy college students were randomly assigned to either an MRT (n = 53, mean +/- SD: age 25.6 +/- 6.0 years, height 170.1 +/- 8.1 cm, body mass 73.9 +/- 16.0 kg, and body fat 24.6 +/- 8.7%) or WRT (n = 31, mean +/- SD: age 25.5 +/- 5.2 years; height 169.6 +/- 10.1 cm, body mass 75.0 +/- 17.4 kg, and body fat 24.7 +/- 8.5%) group and engaged in a 14-week training program. Each participant's performance was assessed before and immediately after the 14-week training period. Muscular strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press test and the 1RM squat test. Muscular endurance was recorded as the maximum number of repetitions performed with 70% of pretraining 1RM for the bench press and squat exercises. There were no significant differences between the MRT and WRT groups at baseline for muscular strength (p > 0.36) or muscular endurance (p > 0.46). Compared with baseline values, the 14-week training programs produced significant (p < 0.001) improvements in muscular strength and muscular endurance of the MRT and WRT groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the MRT and WRT groups for muscular strength (p > 0.22) or for muscular endurance (p > 0.09) after training. The improvements in muscular strength and muscular endurance after a 14-week MRT program in the present study were similar to those produced by a WRT program, and well-designed MRT exercises seem to be effective for improving muscular fitness.
Bench press
Squat
Leg press
One-repetition maximum
Strength Training
Muscular fatigue
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Changes in muscle mass and strength will vary depending on the frequency of training, duration of workouts, exercise intensity, and recovery between subsequent workouts. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training with different workout frequency on muscle strength (I-RM) and lean tissue mass. METHODS Twenty-nine untrained volunteers (27–58 yr: 23 female and 6 male) were randomly assigned to one of two groups in blocks based on gender. All subjects performed the same nine whole body resistance training exercises at each training session using free weights and pulley machines for 6 weeks. Subjects assigned to Group 1 (n = 15) trained 2x/wk and performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions for each of the 9 exercises, while subjects in Group 2 (n = 14) trained 3x/wk and performed 2 sets of 10 repetitions for each of the 9 exercises. The weight used for each exercise and session was self-selected and adjusted so that the required number of repetitions and sets could be completed. Training logs were kept for each subject and exercise session so that training volume could be calculated for each group. Before and after training. 1-RM bench press and leg press, and lean tissue mass (DXA) were measured. RESULTS Both groups increased 1-RM bench press strength (20–25%), 1-RM leg press strength (17–41%) and lean tissue mass (2.0–2.5%) with training (P < 0.05), with a trend for greater gains in 1-RM leg press in Group 2 (P= 0.056). Calculation of training volume indicated a higher total volume for Group 2, but this was not significant (P= 0.09). CONCLUSION These results indicate that a resistance training program involving two workout sessions per week was as effective as the same program performed three times per week when the same number of total repetitions and exercises were performed by beginner weightlifters. However, there was a trend towards greater improvements in 1-RM leg strength and training volume with three workout sessions per week.
Bench press
Strength Training
Leg press
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0291 Optimizing the type and timing of nutrient intake may be essential for promoting maximal gains in muscle strength and endurance in conjunction with a resistance training program. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consumption of a post-exercise recovery drink containing creatine, whey protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate (maltodextrin and fructose) combined with strength training resulted in greater improvements in muscular strength and endurance compared to placebo. Methods. Using a double-blind, placebo controlled design, 43 college-aged males were randomly assigned to receive supplement or placebo. Subjects completed a 10-week supervised, periodized strength training program with leg and abdominal exercises on Monday and Thursday and upper body exercises on Tuesday and Friday. Subjects had to complete > 70% of the workouts and receive at least 70% of the supplement/placebo doses in order to remain in the study. Before and after the 10-week program, 1-RM strength was determined for the free weight bench press and 45° leg press. Muscular endurance was measured as the repetitions completed with 80% of the 1-RM and as estimated external work (repetitions completed × resistance). Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA (time × group) with repeated measures on time. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results. Twenty-nine subjects (placebo: n = 12; supplement: n = 17) completed the study. Although 1-RM bench press and 45° leg press strength increased over the 10-week training period, there were no significant time × group interactions. Muscular endurance, whether determined as the number of repetitions completed with 80% of the 1-RM or as estimated external work, increased for the 45° leg press but not for the bench press over the 10-week strength training study. There were no time × group interactions for muscular endurance. Conclusion. During a short-term strength training program, consuming a recovery drink of creatine, whey protein, amino acids and carbohydrate post-exercise did not increase muscle strength and endurance compared with a placebo.
Bench press
Leg press
Strength Training
Creatine
Endurance Training
Repeated measures design
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