Numerical simulation of process of osteoporosis in women
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[Objective] The process of osteoporosis in women is studied.[Methods] Anisotropic bone modeling model with mechanostat combining with finite element method are applied.[Results] The results show that bone mass declines slowly at the beginning,loss of bone mass accelerates in postmenopause and bone mass declines 25.84%~28.63% at the age of 60 and 38.50%~40.44% at the age of 80.The result above is basically consistent with clinic result.[Conclusions] The decline of mechanical usage is primary factor leading to osteoporosis,and the menopause quickens the process of osteoporosis in women.The paper instructs the prevention and cure of osteoporosis in women clinically.Keywords:
Peak bone mass
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Pathogenesis
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Osteoporosis could affect the life quality of post-menopausal ladies badly. The paper introduced the physiological cause of osteoporosis and the anisotropic bone modelling model with mechanostat .The model of osteoporosis was simulated and numerical calculated with finite element method . The results show that pure menopause factor results to a fall of 7%～12% bone mass. Adding the fall of 20% loads results to a fall of 25%～29% bone mass after menopause and when fall of 40% loads results to a fall of 35% .The result shows that biomechanics is primary factors leading to osteoporosis and biology factor quickens the process of osteoporosis. So the biomechanics factor is important to maintain bone mass. This result provided a new method to study osteoporosis.
Biomechanics
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Maintenance of bone mass the endocrinology and biochemistry of osteoporosis assessment of bone mass determinants of skeletal mass and strength causes of osteoporosis consequences of osteoporosis assessment of osteoporosis prevention of osteoporosis from menarche to menopause treatment of generalized osteoporosis with inhibitors of bone resorption other agents for generalized osteoporosis treatment of secondary and focal osteoporosis.
Menarche
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Osteoporosis is a disease mainly of the elderly.A study of the effect of agedness on osteoporos is made.The simulation of osteoporosis due to agedness factor is been realized in computer with the model combined finite element method.Results show that when persons grow old,outside loads decline as a result of fall of muscle force and decrease of quantity of activity.When percentage of loss of bone mass to peak value bone mass is above 25,osteoporosis happens.Agedness factor can result in osteoporosis.This indicates the importance of mechanical factor in preventing and curing osteoporosis.
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Fragility fracture
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Osteoporosis is a clinical syndrome of bone fragility resulting in fractures with minimal or no trauma. Bone strength is directly related to bone mass, therefore factors that influence bone mass will determine the subsequent risk of osteoporotic fracture. Estrogen loss at the menopause is the most common cause of osteoporosis. Factors that limit the process of bone formation during adolescence and early adulthood can interfere with reaching peak adult bone mass and thereby predispose to osteoporosis in later adult years. Bone remodeling (bone resorption followed by formation) during the early and mid-adult years may be altered by many diseases, medications and lifestyle (alcohol, inadequate exercise, low calcium intake), resulting in reduced bone mass and increased risk for osteoporotic fracture. Extremes of physical training can also cause bone loss in women athletes, and can be reversed by estrogen and adequate calcium intake. More research is needed to determine which forms of training optimize the effects of exercise on bone mass.
Peak bone mass
Bone remodeling
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Osteoporosis is a serious health problem for women over 45 years of age. It is divided in type I, affecting mainly cancellous bone and type II, affecting cancellous and cortical bone. Type I osteoporosis is related mainly with menopause, meanwhile, type II osteoporosis is related with ageing in both sexes. Osteoporosis has a major impact in the quality of life and the independence of the individuals, being the best treatment its prevention. All women at the beginning of the menopause should receive hormonal replacement treatment and calcium, in order to avoid type I osteoporosis, since treatment for women with established osteoporosis is aimed to halt the process of bone loss. Bone density may be measured in a reliable way by different techniques, allowing to the practitioner an accurate and reproducible measurement in different segments of the body. The main indications for bone densitometry suggested by the NOF are commented, as well as, the variability that may occur in different populations and the concept of normal values of bone density.
Densitometry
Cancellous bone
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Bone formation and resorption are ongoing phenomena. When bone resorption equals bone formation, bone mass remains stable. When resorption exceeds formation, bone mass is reduced--a process that leads to osteopenia or osteoporosis. Osteopenia is reduced bone mass and osteoporosis is reduced bone mass with resultant fractures. Reduced bone mass may be postmenopausal or related to ovarian failure (type I osteoporosis), it may be age-related (type II osteoporosis), or it may result from several other etiologic factors (secondary osteoporosis). Disuse and inactivity can cause bone loss, whereas weight-bearing exercises may maintain or improve bone mineral density. There is a significant correlation between muscle strength and bone mineral density. There is evidence that strengthening exercises may lead to an increase in the mineral density of the bones to which the muscles are attached. Currently, drug regimens are available to decrease or halt bone loss in osteoporotic patients. Properly designed exercise programs may prove to be effective for retarding age-related bone loss. In patients with osteoporosis, the cause should be investigated before treatment is commenced.
Osteopenia
Peak bone mass
Bone remodeling
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Objective Study the effect of load-dropping form on simulation result of osteoporosis based on the numerical model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods Numerical model of postmenopausal osteoporosis was established based on the anisotropic bone remodelling model and mechanostat system combined wifh finite element method. Results Bone mass loses over 25% relative to premenopause when the load descends 20% due to fall of muscular strength and decrease of activities after menopause. Conclusion The result of research showed that both biomechanic factor and physiological factor can lead to osteoporosis,while the form of load descending had little influence upon result.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
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