Modeling the response of peach fruit growth to water stress
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We applied a semi-mechanistic model of fresh matter accumulation to peach fruit during the stage of rapid mesocarp development. The model, which is based on simple hypotheses of fluid flows into and out of the fruit, assumes that solution flow into the fruit increases with fruit weight and transpiration per unit weight, and decreases with the maximum daily shrinkage of the trunk, which was used as an indicator of water stress. Fruit transpiration was assumed to increase with fruit size and with radiation. Fruit respiration was considered to be related to fruit growth and to temperature. The model simulates variability in growth among fruits according to climatic conditions, degree of water stress and weight of the fruit at the beginning of the simulation. We used data obtained from well-watered and water-stressed trees grown in containers to estimate model parameters and to test the model. There was close agreement between the simulated and measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that initial fruit weight partly determined the variation in growth among fruits. The analysis also indicated that there was an optimal irradiance for fruit growth and that the effect of high global radiation on growth varied according to the stage of fruit development. Water stress, which was the most important factor influencing fruit growth, rapidly depressed growth, particularly when applied late in the season.Keywords:
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Growing season
Abstract The transpiration response to recurrent light periods was studied'n water‐stressed wheat seedlings. Seedlings were stressed by three methods: addition of mannitol to the root medium, root cooling and drving of the roots in air. All three methods induced almost equal effects on transpiration regulation during alternating dark and light intervals. Exogenous abscisic acid supplied to the shoots of excised plants had qualitatively the same effect as water stress. Water stress and ABA increased the time lapse between light‐on and the onset of transpiration increase and lowered the amplitude of transpiration increase in light. Weak light introduced before strong light shortened the delay times.
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Summary. Water-stress experiments with Phaseolus vulgar& L. were undertaken to determine the transpiration rate dependency of the naturally occurring leaf H2~80 fractionation process. Water-stress leaf H2~sO levels were observed to be unexpectedly higher than controls. Speculations on the cause of this phenomenon are discussed. Since transpiration rate variations should theoretically affect only the rate and not the extent of leaf Hz180 fractionation, the respective time courses for water-stressed and control leaf H2180 accumulations were compared. Water-stressed leaves displayed a slower rate of isotopic enrichment relative to controls, as was predicted from their reduced transpiration rates. In an absolute sense, however, both control and water-stress leaf H2180 fractionation rates were markedly greater than projected values from the existing model. Consequently, transpiration rates cannot be derived accurately at present from the observed rates of leaf Hzl80 discrimination. Several modifications of the theory are also considered.
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Transpiration from a plant leaf is considered as a gaseous diffusion process driven by the net radiation absorbed by a leaf. The transpiration process is formulated analytically and the required transpiration rates are given for specified environmental conditions. Transpiration is limited by the internal diffusion resistance of a leaf; values of the resistance are reported for a number of native species. The midday slump of photosynthesis and transpiration, which often occurs during warm summer days, can be explained on a biochemical-biophysical basis related to high leaf temperatures.
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This paper reported the experimental results of apple tree transpiration rate measured by TDP mainly in the growing seasons on the Loess Plateau,and the influencing factors to transpiration rate was also analyzed.The results showed that: the change of transpiration rate in clear day was in a form of single-peak curve;the diurnal change of transpiration rate was characterized by an upsurge and followed by a plummet.The transpiration rate,at night,was near 0 g/h,while it changed from 300 g/h to 1 000 g/h in the day time.June,July and August were the main periods for transpiration water consumption.In July,the amounts of daily transpiration reached to 3 038 g/d.Associated with the growth phase of apple trees,the maximum daily transpiration amounts appeared in the fruit expanding process stage,then the growing stages of shoots and young fruit in the autumn.In the experimental period,the transpiration rate of apple trees increased with the increasing of global solar radiation and atmospheric temperature.
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The transpiration rate with their influencing factors was studied based on the observation and research of the samples selected from 7 varieties of poplar clones induced in Gaomi city in Shandong province.The results show that general daily changing tendency of 7 poplar clones is generally unanimous with single-apex curve.In addition,changing tendency of transpiration rates is just the same as that of the stomatal conductance.The daily the biggest transpiration rates are of the following order,TrI-107Tr NL95Tr L35Tr L323Trzhonglin46TrzhongtianyangTr NL895,The daily average transpiration rates are of the following order,Tr I-107Tr L35Tr NL95Tr L323Trzhonglin46TrzhongtianyangTr NL895.The mutuality between transpiration rate and stomatal conductance is the most prominent.The relationship between stomatal conductance and transpiration rate with their influencing factors are multivariate linear function,transpiration rates of 7 poplar clones have positive correlation with the H,D and V.
Stomatal Conductance
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Water status of two native tree species on the Loess plateau was studied under different soil water contents. Results showed that leaf water potential of the species decreased with drought stress and began to ascend with the stress extended, this revealed that the selfregulation capacity of Acer stenolobum var. megalophyllum was higher than that of Quercus liaotungensis. Leaf water potential was related to leaf water content and it decided the leaf water status. Transpiration rate and resumed water of the species were significantly different on Sunday and cloudy day under different water stress. Q. liaotungensis had characteristics of high transpiration rate and high consumption water because of its large transpiration area and low retained water capacity .This result showed it fitted better water condition. A. stenolobum var. megalophyllum had characteristis of high transpiration rate and low consumption water and fitted medium and serious water stress. Especially it could live under serious water stress and had higher survival rate than Q. liaotungensis. Also its survival rate could get to 100 %. This result showed A. stenolobum var. megalophyllum had higher adaptability than Q. liaotungensis.
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Water consumption
Water Transport
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A simple method of subjecting wheat seedlings to progressive water stress and of measuring the respiration rates is described. Slight water deficits increased CO 2 output by about 20%, and more severe water stress decreased it by about 50%. Water stress caused significant changes in the concentrations of malate and citrate and of an unknown organic acid. Water stress strikingly decreased the level of malate in the roots and increased it in the shoots. It is suggested that the decrease in respiration caused by water stress cannot be attributed to an increased rate of dark fixation of carbon dioxide.
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Respiration rate
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Acoustic emissions (AE) could be used as an indicator of plant water stress as "speaking plant". The objective of this study was to observe the AE of tomato plant and to analyze the relationship between AE and plant water consumption associated with transpiration. Three glasshouse experiments were conducted with potted tomato plants. The AE, transpiration rate and "the plant transpiration transfer coefficient (hat)" as an indicator of plant water stress level were determined with hat being calculated based on sunlit leaf temperature, temperature of an artificial leaf without transpiration (hereafter,referred to as "non-transpiration leaf temperature") and air temperature. The results showed that the daily patterns of the AE varied depending on the water stress level, which was indicated by hat. Under mild or moderate water stress (hat ≦0) conditions, the AE increased with the decrease in the amount of soil water but decreased with the decrease in the amount of soil water under severe water stress conditions (0
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Water consumption
Drought stress
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