Association of Combat Experiences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Canadian Military Personnel Deployed in Support of the Mission in Afghanistan
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Abstract:
Understanding the contribution of specific combat experiences to postdeployment post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may inform preventive and therapeutic interventions. This study investigated the associations of combat experiences with PTSD among Canadian military personnel after return from deployment to Afghanistan. Most experiences had positive associations with PTSD, but shooting, calling in fire, and clearing buildings had negative associations. The items most strongly associated with PTSD were those that were uncommonly experienced, might not be expected, and involved some measure of interpretation or violation of one's morality. These are potential targets for pre- and posttrauma interventions with military personnel.Keywords:
Combat stress reaction
Traumatic stress
Moral injury
Military deployment
Acute Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Combat stress reaction
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Burns can be a traumatic and stressful experience, although each patient may respond in
very different ways. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the variability on
Post-traumatic stress disorder and Acute Stress Disorder prevalence, and evaluate the
specific weight of different variables on Post-traumatic stress disorder development
among adult burn patients. Methods: A systematic review was carried out to explore
the prevalence of acute and Post-traumatic stress disorder and identify their predictors.
Meta-analytical methods were used to explore the strength of association between Posttraumatic
stress disorder and the latter. From an initial pool of 190 studies, 24 were used
in the systematic review, and only 19studies could be used for the meta-analysis due to
different methodological limitations. Outcomes: The prevalence of Acute Stress
Disorder at baseline ranged from 2 to 30% and prevalence of Post-traumatic stress
disorder ranged from 3 to 35% at 1 month, 2-40% between 3 and 6 months, 9-45% in
the year post-injury and ranged 7-25% more than two years later. Life threat perception
was the strongest predictor for Post-traumatic stress disorder occurrence, followed by
acute intrusive symptoms and pain associated with burn injuries. Conclusions:
Predictive variables identified in this research may be useful in targeting burn patients
who are at risk for developing post-traumatic stress symptoms and stress related
psychological symptoms.
Acute Stress Disorder
Traumatic stress
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Background Post traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by the emergence of core symptoms of the disorder after exposure to an extreme traumatic experience. Traumatic events that may cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder includes violent assault, kidnapping, sexual assault, torture, being a hostage, prisoner of war, experiencing a disaster, violent automobile accidents or getting a life threatening illness. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of trauma and probable Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among the students of Basrah Medical College in 2007. A sample of 60 students was selected randomly from each class. A special questionnaire form was developed for the purpose of the study, containing the self – rating inventory for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Results The results of the present study showed that 238 (66.1%) students had reported being exposed to traumatic event during their life. The percentage of females who were exposed to trauma was slightly higher than that of males (67.8% vs 64.4%). Out of the total studied students, 211 (58.6%) students fulfilled the symptom criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, thus assessed as probable Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
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This study employs two case studies to examine the response of Roman legionnaires to severe military defeats in 380 B.C. and 216 B.C. It explores the influence of core culture and military culture on the vulnerability of soldiers to PTSD and ASD. This article is based on a cross-cultural framework developed by Rooyan and Nqweni (2012). The study demonstrates that cultural differences matter in the way that soldiers respond to traumatic events in combat.
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Objectives : In this case report, we will present three patients diagnosed with acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder improved by application of oriental medical treatments. Methods : We treated three patients with acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder by oriental medical treatments. The effect of oriental medical treatments were evaluated by STAI and clinical symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, palpitation, startle response. Results : As a result of oriental treatments, clinical symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, palpitation, startle response were improved, and STAI scores also decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that oriental treatments may have an effect on acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Purpose of review Terrorist attacks are increasing in different parts of the world. The psychiatric consequences of terrorist attacks, particularly post-traumatic stress disorders, are often underrated. Recent terrorist attacks, particularly the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA, focused attention on post-traumatic stress disorder. This review examines the prevalence rates and characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder after terrorist attacks. Recent findings At least 28-35% of people exposed to a terrorist attack may develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Whereas persons directly exposed to terrorist attacks have a greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, the secondary effects of vicarious exposure on people not directly exposed are significant. Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder have higher healthcare utilization and medication use. More than 40% of people across the USA experienced substantial symptoms of stress after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The rates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among residents of lower Manhattan, New York, were twice the baseline rate 5-8 weeks after the attacks. The presence of pre-existing stressors, levels of social support, female sex, and Hispanic ethnicity were important predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder. Disaster-related television viewing could be harmful for children. The role of psychological debriefing in the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder is questionable. Summary Most suffers of post-traumatic stress disorder are reluctant to see mental health professionals. Primary care physicians are best suited to identify and manage individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder. There is a need to train primary care practitioners in the identification and management of the psychiatric consequences of trauma and terrorism.
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Objective: International studies indicate high prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder within homeless populations. In Australia, studies indicate high rates of trauma among homeless adults, yet post-traumatic stress disorder has not been investigated in homeless Australian adults. The primary aim of this project was to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless adults in Sydney. Further, another aim of the study was to determine whether the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder preceded the first episode of homelessness or was a consequence of homelessness. Method: The sample consisted of 70 homeless men and women aged 18–73 years, who were randomly sampled through eight homeless services. A computer-assisted face-to-face structured clinical interview was conducted with each participant. Lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder was determined via the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: The majority of the sample had experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime (98%). Indeed, the mean number of traumas per person was six. The 12 month prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder was higher among homeless adults in Sydney in comparison to the Australian general population (41% vs 1.5%). But 79% of the sample had a lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress. In 59% of cases, the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder preceded the age of the first reported homeless episode. Conclusions: Homeless adults in Sydney frequently experience trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. The study found that trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder more often precede homelessness, but re-victimization is common. These findings highlight the high mental health needs among homeless people and have implications for services for homeless people.
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Introduction: Up to 30% of women view their childbirth as traumatic. This experience can lead to acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. The negative impact of maternal post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth reaches beyond the mother, potentially affecting her child's development and the couple's relationship. Research on paternal post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth is scarce. Acute stress disorder is suggested to be an important predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder in mothers, but little is known about paternal acute stress disorder following childbirth. Furthermore, there is limited information about the comparison or relation of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth between parents. Aim: [1] To compare the prevalence rates and severity of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms between parents following childbirth by taking anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as obstetric variables and previous traumatic events into account and [2] To determine if acute stress disorder is a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder. Method: A prospective population-based design was used. N = 647 participants were recruited from future parents who attended appointments at the Obstetrics and Gynecology unit at a Swiss university hospital. Self-report questionnaires were used: Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale in the third trimester of pregnancy (T1) and 1 month post-partum (T3), Acute Stress Disorder Scale at 1 week post-partum (T2), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at all time points. Obstetric and neonatal variables were retrieved from hospital records. Results: At T2, 63.9% of mothers and 51.7% of fathers presented symptoms of acute stress disorder. At T3, 20.7% of mothers and 7.2% of fathers had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Acute stress disorder was a predictor of post-partum post-traumatic stress disorder (Odds ratio: 8.6, IC 95% [1.85; 40.42]). Depression symptoms was a significant confounder in the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth, but not anxiety or previous perinatal loss. Conclusion: Little is known about parental differences in acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following childbirth. Results indicate that both parents may suffer from acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after childbirth and that acute stress disorder is a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth for both parents. Sensitization of maternity staff to these results may assist in earlier identification of and appropriate treatment for at-risk parents.
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Objective The study was to investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder after aviolen earthquake in Tangshan. Methods 1 813 subjects who lived in Tangshan City and experieced the earthquake were investigated with the self-made questionnaires of post-traumatic stress disorder and the standard assessment instruments. Results 335 (18. 48% ) subjects were diagnosed as acute stress disorder, and 402 subjects(22. 17% ) as delayed stress disorder with 17 subjects suffering delayed stress disorder currently (0.94% presentprevalence). Conclusions There existed the high prevalence of acute stress disorder and delayed stress disorderafter violen earthquake. The subjects with these two disorders have a lower level of mental health for a long time.
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Studies investigating rates of acute stress disorder following exposure to a traumatic event report widely varying results, even when examining the same types of traumatic events. The first purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe rates of acute stress disorder following five different types of traumatic events. The second goal was to assess the methodological and trauma-related factors influencing these rates. Between May 2017 and October 2019, studies were identified by searching through the PsychINFO, PubMed/Medline, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, and PILOTS databases. Records were included if (1) participants were 16 years old and over, (2) the assessment was completed within 30 days of the event, (3) a standardized assessment instrument was utilized, (4) the type of traumatic event was specified, and (5) the acute stress disorder rate was reported. The list of traumatic events used for the search strategy was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and was complemented by those listed in the Life Events Checklist and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Seventy-three samples from 70 studies totaling 20,065 participants met inclusion criteria. Results revealed that rates of acute stress disorder ranged from 14.1% for war-related trauma to 36.0% for interpersonal trauma. Interpersonal trauma was significantly more likely to lead to acute stress disorder than other types of events, except for disaster-related trauma. Differing assessment instruments, types of exposure and geographical locations, and the intentional nature of certain events contributed to heterogeneity in rates within each type of traumatic event.
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