Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase isoenzymes in bovine liver disease.
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Serum total glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (t-GOT), mitochondrial GOT (m-GOT)and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activities were determined in 26 calves and 86 cows as healthy controls and in 232 cases of liver disorders. In addition, the changes in GOT isoenzymes were examined in 4 calves experimentally induced liver damage. GOT isoenzymes were separated both by a simplified column chromatographic method coupled with UV assay and by an enzyme-electrophoretic method. The m-GOT activities of healthy controls by the chromatographic method were about three times higher than those by the electrophoretic method. Clinically, the electrophoretic method was proved to be more practical than the chromatographic method in bovine. The cleaf rise and fall in serum m-GOT activity indicated that the m-GOT and the m-GOT/t-GOT ratio were sensitive markers for experimentally induced hepatic lesions at acute stages in cows. In the clinical cases, m-GOT increased moderately or remarkably in hepatocellular necrosis, liver fibrosis, tumor of the liver and amyloidosis, but it showed little increase in hydropic droplet degeneration, fascioliasis and fatty change of the liver. As the m-GOT/t-GOT ratio had less effect on muscular damage in cows than the individual t-GOT and m-GOT, the ratio was thought to be a very useful diagnostic aid in clinical cases.Keywords:
Transaminase
Liver damage
Summary The tissue distribution of the adenylate kinase isozymes in man has been examined using various substrates. The isozymes attributable to the AK 1 and AK 2 loci were identified, and an additional set of isozymes probably attributable to a third locus was also found. This locus has been provisionally designated AK 3 . The AK 3 isozymes show activity with either GTP + AMP or ITP + AMP but do not show activity with ATP + AMP. They also differ from the AK 1 end AK 2 isozymes in electrophoretic mobility and from the AK 1 isozymes in being resistant to silver inhibition. They are similar in molecular size to the AK 1 isozymes whereas the AK 2 isozymes are apparently larger. The AK 3 isozymes evidently correspond to the enzyme nucleosidetriphosphate‐adenylate kinase (2.7.4.10).
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By the method of isoelectro focusing PAGE,four kinds of isozymes in different tissues of Rattus niviventer captured in Beijing were studied.The dispersal and the activities of the isozyme bands were compared,and distinct organ specificity were found in EST isozymes,LDH isozymes and ADH isozymes,but not in SOD isozymes. The activities of isozymes were usually much higher in liver and kidney than in the other organs,but usually lower in spleen,lung and brain,except for EST isozymes in spleen and lung and except for LDH isozymes in brain.Heart muscle and skeleton muscle are significantly differential in LDH isozymes because of their difference in oxygen tension,nevertheless,they are quite similar in other three kinds of isozymes.The differences of various organs in isozymes are in keeping with their differences in physiological functions.
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Molecular Biology of Isozymes. Isozymes in Fisheries Biology. Physiological Significance of Isozymes. Isozymes in Development and Differentiation. Isozymes in Plant and Animal Breeding. Genetics and Evolution of Isozymes. Medical Use of Isozymes. Enzyme Modification and Isoproteins. Index.
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Transaminase
Liver damage
Aspartate transaminase
Elevated transaminases
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Two isozymes of superoxide dismutase, A and B, were found in extracts of human organs, tissues and cell cultures. Differential centrifugation of cell homogenates revealed that isozyme A was localized in the soluble phase and isozyme B in fractions enriched in mitochondria. Isozyme B was lacking in erythrocytes and isozyme A in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. All other specimens showed both isozymes although in variable proportions. Evidence was presented suggesting that isozymes A and B are controlled by genes at separate gene loci. The occurrence of hybrid enzyme in a heterozygous phenotype of isozyme A suggests that the isozyme is a dimer made up of two identical polypeptide subunits.
Differential centrifugation
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Determinations were made of the serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels in patients with toxemia of pregnancy and in pregnant women with symptoms of liver damage supposed to be secondary to the pregnant state. The transaminase value was found to be high in about 30 per cent of the former and in more than 50 per cent of the latter. The only demonstrable relationship between a high transaminase value and clinical symptoms or other laboratory findings was the correlation with signs of co-existing liver disorder or damage. The assumption that the increase in transaminase activity is due to hepatocelluar damage is also supported by the observation that the increase in the serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase value was usually accompanied by an increase in the serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase value, and that in some cases only the latter was increased above the normal level.
Transaminase
Liver damage
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Transaminase
Liver damage
Congo red
Alanine aminotransferase
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Abstract The short‐term effect of fenvalerate on some metabolites and enzymes of protein metabolism in the ostracod Chrissia halyi was studied. The ostracods were subjected to two different concentrations of fenvaierate and the alterations in total proteins, total free amino acids, transaminases i.e. aspartate amino transferase (AAT)/glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and alanine amino transferase (ALAT)/glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) after one and three days were noted. Total protein and free amino acid contents in the organisms were found to be depleted, whereas both the transaminases and GDH levels were elevated. The results indicate that exposure of C. halyi to fenvalerate leads to metabolic adaptations to suit the functional need of the animal.
Transaminase
Alanine
Fenvalerate
Transferase
Glutamate synthase
Aspartate transaminase
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