Amount of residual fluorine in the mouth and occurrence of unpleasant symptoms after the topical application of fluoride
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This study was undertaken to determine the amount of fluorine that remained in the mouth after the topical application of fluoride and to survey whether the topical application of fluoride induced any unpleasant symptoms by using a questionnaire. A total of 44 females aged 18 to 27 years, who attended a dental hygienist school in Sendai City, participated in this study. Using the double blind method, topical applications of both 2% NaF solution and placebo (normal saline solution) were made at an interval of 5 days. The subjects were instructed to apply 2ml of the solution and to use a cotton applicator according to a modified Muhler's technique. After the topical application was over, the residual solution, the cotton applicators and cotton rolls used for treatment and the saliva secreted during treatment were all collected individually. The fluorine content of these samples was determined with a fluorine-ion electrode. The mean amount of residual fluorine in the mouth was 1.83mg per person, ranging from 0.70-3.19mg, and 0.037mg per kilogram of body weight, ranging from 0.012-0.067mg.Two days after the treatment, a questionnaire survey was also carried out and anyone who complained of any unpleasant symptoms was interviewed. There was no statistically significant difference between the two kinds of topical solution. When the mean amount of residual fluorine per kilogram of body weight was compared between the group complaining of unpleasant symptoms and the other, there was no significant difference but the latter showed a higher value than the former. The majority of those that complained of unpleasant symptoms referred to the strain and fatigue induced by the clinical practice.From these findings, it was assumed that the occurrence of unpleasant symptoms was caused by the mental and physical stress involved with clinical practice rather than by acute fluoride poisoning by injestion.Keywords:
Fluorine
Dry mouth
Dry mouth
Cross-sectional study
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Dry mouth
Presentation (obstetrics)
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The aim of the study is to assess the occurrence of fluoride in the groundwater of Kaltungo area and environs. Consumption of high fluoride waters clearly manifests in the majority inhabitant of the area in form of dental fluorosis especially in the majority of the populace. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and boreholes using standard method and were analyzed to determine the fluoride level. The results revealed that the Fluoride in the waters ranges from 0.8 to 1.94 mg/l with a mean value of 1.65 mg/l. No clear variations in fluoride content have been observed in both the borehole samples and those from the hand-dug wells. Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl are the two major water types obtained in the area, which have a good association with fluoride. Negative correlation is observed between fluoride and temperature, fluoride and magnesium, fluoride and potassium and poor correlation is observed between fluoride and chloride, fluoride and nitrate, fluoride and phosphates which rules out the possibility of anthropogenic source of the fluoride in the waters. Positive correlation between fluoride and iron, indicates that the presence of fluoride in the water is as a result of dissolution of biotite within the host rock (Basalt).
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There is involvement of salivary glands by α-synuclein pathology in PD. However, the prevalence of dry mouth has not been systematically assessed in these patients. We studied 97 PD patients and 86 controls using a structured questionnaire. Dry mouth was reported by 60.8% of PD patients and 27.9% of controls (p < 0.0001). Dry mouth and drooling coexisted in 30% of cases. Only 12% of patients had reported dry mouth to their physicians. Dry mouth is a frequent but underreported symptom and may be an early manifestation of autonomic involvement in PD.
Dry mouth
Drooling
Sialorrhea
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Dry mouth syndrome, also known as xerostomia, is a condition in which the mouth is unusually dry as a result of reduced or absent saliva flow. Usually, it is a symptom of an underlying problem, rather than a disease itself. Various factors can cause a persistently dry mouth, including prescription medications, medical treatments and certain autoimmune diseases.
Dry mouth
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Dry mouth is a common disorder in elderly individuals. It is not, however, necessarily related to decreased salivary flow rate, since subjective feelings of oral dryness have also been found in those with normal flow rates. The aim of this study was to examine in elderly individuals the prevalence of subjective complaints related to dry mouth, and their association with salivary flow rates and the use of systemic medication. In 1990 and 1991, 368 elderly inhabitants of Helsinki, Finland, had their oral health status examined. In addition to the clinical examination, 341 subjects were interviewed regarding different oral and non-oral complaints related to dry mouth. Findings showed that 46% (n =158) of the subjects had noticed subjective symptoms of dry mouth. Continuous oral dryness was reported by 12% (n = 40) of the subjects, 6% of the men and 14% of the women (p < 0.05). In these 40, the oral and non-oral complaints were studied in more detail. Almost all oral and non-oral symptoms were more frequent in subjects reporting continuous dry mouth compared with controls. Continuous dry mouth was clearly associated with the female gender, with mouth breathing, and with the use of systemic medications.
Dry mouth
Oral examination
Dryness
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The range of fluoride levels in the drinking-water of cities and villages in South Africa was determined during the transition from a very dry (1983) to a wet (1984/85) period. The combination fluoride ion selective electrode was employed for the determination of the fluoride concentration. It was found that fluoride levels in drinking-water changed for 93% of the cities and villages studied during the period 1983-1985. Furthermore, it became clear that when the water volume of the supplying source increased, the fluoride level decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). Boreholes showed significantly higher fluoride levels (P less than 0.01) than rivers or dams. The impact of the variation in drinking-water fluoride concentrations on supplementary fluoride dosage is discussed and recommendations made.
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Dry mouth
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Dry mouth syndrome, also known as xerostomia, is a condition in which the mouth is unusually dry as a result of reduced or absent saliva flow. Usually, it is a symptom of an underlying problem, rather than a disease itself. Various factors can cause a persistently dry mouth, including prescription medications, medical treatments and certain autoimmune diseases.
Having a dry mouth can have a serious negative effect on the patient’s quality of life, and affect dietary habits, nutritional status, speech, taste and increased susceptibility to dental caries. Patients who suffer in this regard can benefit from having their symptoms recognised and by receiving practical help and advice.
Dry mouth
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