Partial characterization of the mechanism(s) whereby apolipoprotein A-1 inhibits cholesterol crystal nucleation in the supersaturated model bile systems.
Seishi TaoSusumu TazumaShigeki MizunoH SasakiHiroshi SagawaS HatsushikaY GunjiNaoki AiharaMasatoshi SasakiGoro KajiyamaMasao Yamamoto
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Abstract:
コレステロール過飽和人工胆汁を用いて,アポ蛋白A1のコレステロール結晶析出抑制の作用機序を検討した.アポ蛋白A1を添加した人工胆汁(A1+群)と無添加人工胆汁(A1-群)の脂質粒子をカラムクロマトグラフィー法にて分画採取し,両群の脂質粒子の形態変化を透過型電子顕微鏡にて経時的に比較検討した.両群において胆汁中脂質粒子は,ミセル分画と非ミセル分画に分離でき,A1+群においてアポ蛋白A1は,ミセル分画のピークよりわずかに高分子量領域にピークを有して溶出された.A1+, A1-両群において,同分画を透過型電子顕微鏡で観察すると,直径200～400Åのdisc様粒子が認められ,A1-群では,粒子の迅速な凝集と融合が観察されたのに対し,A1+群では,その変化は極めて緩徐であった.以上,コレステロール過飽和人工胆汁において,アポ蛋白A1のdisc様粒子安定化による,コレステロール結晶析出の抑制が示唆された.Keywords:
Supersaturation
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The results of a set of experiments designed to delineate the nucleation rate, supersaturation, temperature surface for the system CaSO 4 •2H 2 O/H 2 O are reported. The data were obtained using the droplet technique coupled with in situ generation of SO 4 2− under the conditions that dS/dt was large during the early part of the induction period and it was zero during the actual nucleation events. The observed shape of the surface is compared with that suggested by the classical theory of nucleation and differences are commented on. The critical parameters important in classical nucleation theory are reported.
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Abstract Crystallizing growth : The initial structure of crystal nuclei is supersaturation‐dependent. At low degrees of supersaturation, liquid‐like nuclei are formed initially, which undergo a continuous structure transition from liquid‐like to crystal‐like as the size N increases. This gradual structure evolution substantially lowers the nucleation barrier Δ G * and facilitates the nucleation relative to the formation of crystal‐like clusters from the beginning. magnified image
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A novel method for the separation and crystallization of all the three polymorphic forms of pharmaceutical solid paracetamol from pure aqueous solution is reported in this study. The polymorphic nucleation behaviour of the paracetamol has been investigated under different concentrations of the solute from pure aqueous solution by adopting swift cooling technique. With the variation in the concentration of the mother solution, the resulting effect of supersaturation on the nucleation rate of the three different polymorphic forms of paracetamol was studied. The variation in the induction period of nucleation at different supersaturation ranges was determined. The nucleation regions of three different polymorphs were separated in terms of supersaturation ranges at the end of the crystallization process. The form of crystallization of the nucleated polymorphs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The main advantage of this technique is the achievement of the nucleation control without incorporating any nucleation selecting additives into the mother solution.
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Nucleation in supersaturated solution of tetradecyl hydrogen maleate has been investigated in this paper. The nucleation rate as indicated by induction period are measured. The effects of temperature, supersaturation on the nucleation rate in non-agitated system are reported. The interfacial tension, energy of formation and critical radius of muclei crystal are calculated based on classical nucleation theory. The nucleation rate of THM crystal increase with the rise of the temperature and supersaturation.We found lower temperature range is favourable to the growth of THM singal crystal.
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The nucleation in the supersaturated solutions of ammonium tetramolybdate prepared from acidified ammonium heptamolybdate solutions is studied in this paper. The nucleation rates as indicated by the induction period were measured. Effects of temperature and supersaturation on the nucleation rate were discussed. The results in good accordance with the classical nucleation theory show that the nucleation rate of ammonium tetramolybdate increases with increases of temperature and supersaturation. The interfacial tensions of homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation decrease with increase of temperature in the range of 295.15K to 311.15K.
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A set of experimental apparatus for studying solution primary nucleation was developed,through which the induction time of primary nucleation of supersaturated solution was measured by laser method.Induction time was combined with the empirical relationship of primary nucleation and the primary nucleation orders were determined.The initial supersaturation ratio range of the studied benzathini benzylpenillinum was 65～383.The mechanisms of nucleation were distinguished by the relation of induction time and initial supersaturation ratio.The orders obtained of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation were 152 and 540 respectively.
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Classical nucleation theory
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