Magnetic Hyperthermia Study of Mn-Zn-Fe and Zn-Gd-Fe Nanoparticle Systems as Possible Low-Tc Agents for Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia
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Keywords:
Magnetic hyperthermia
Thermometer
Dispersity
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained for the first time via the green chemistry approach, starting from two aqueous extracts of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), both leaf and stems. In order to obtain magnetic nanoparticles suitable for medical purposes, more precisely with hyperthermia inducing features, a synthesis reaction was conducted, both at room temperature (25 °C) and at 80 °C, and with two formulations of the precipitation agent. Both the quality and stability of the synthesized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were physiochemically characterized: phase composition (X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)), thermal behavior (thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), electron microscopy (scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM)), and magnetic properties (DC and HF-AC). The magnetic investigation of the as-obtained magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles revealed that the synthesis at 80 °C using a mixture of NaOH and NH3(aq) increases their diameter and implicitly enhances their specific absorption rate (SAR), a mandatory parameter for practical applications in hyperthermia.
Iron oxide nanoparticles
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In the field of the synthesis and functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications, most researches aim at developing multifunctional theranostic NPs, which can both identify disease states and deliver therapy and thus allow following the effect of therapy by imaging. One current challenge for iron oxide-based NPs is the design of NPs able to combine in one nanoobject both hyperthermia and MRI with the best efficiency in order to reduce the dose injected in the patient. Iron oxide NPs are already commercially used as T 2 contrast agent for MRI and have a great potential today. The use of magnetic hyperthermia as therapy for cancer is closer to be a reality thanks to the positive results achieved by the clinical trials carried out by Magforce TM (Germany). Nonetheless, there is currently a need of improving NPs for magnetic hyperthermia and of understanding the magnetic hyperthermia effect at the cell level. More recently, iron oxide NPs were demonstrated to be able to induce a photothermal effect and such results pave the way toward a multimodal therapy using one single iron oxide NPs. This chapter focuses on iron oxide NPs, their high potential as contrast agent for MRI, and on the design of iron oxide NPs for magnetic hyperthermia and photon-induced hyperthermia.
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Magnetic hyperthermia
Cancer Therapy
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Magnetic hyperthermia
Viability assay
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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current (AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.
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Biocompatibility
Magnetic particle inspection
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Cancer is a disease that has no definite treatment yet, and its mortality rate is high. In recent years a new method called hyperthermia has been wide-spread in clinical investigations. In this method magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been injected into the cancerous tumor and warmed up to kill cancerous cells. It has been a promising method for cancer treatment but there is a lack of knowledge about temperature distribution after injection yet. In this article, the maximum temperature caused by hyperthermia with MNPs has been investigated by using a numerical method and information about MNPs distribution from recent experimental investigations done by authors. Changing the temperature's boundary condition has also been studied to find how they can affect temperature distribution in tumor and maximum temperature. Finally, the ablation of cancerous tumors and surrounding healthy tissue has been calculated and achieving the best initial and boundary conditions for using this method to treat cancer has been discussed. Results show that the effect of hyperthermia on treatment can be increased and the time required for treatment can be reduced with the rise in body temperature before hyperthermia. Results show that the effect of hyperthermia on treatment can be increased and the time required for treatment can be reduced with the rise in body temperature before hyperthermia. Results also show by considering the heat flux in the boundary, the distribution of temperature and thus the distribution of tissue necrosis changes and the necrotized tissue reduces in some cases that the tumor is near to the body surface.
Hyperthermia Treatment
Magnetic hyperthermia
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Chapter Contents: 8.1 Cancer treatment 8.2 Therapeutic hyperthermia 8.3 Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia 8.4 Types of particles and delivery methods 8.5 Bioheat transfer studies 8.6 Case study: effect of cooling during hyperthermia 8.7 Conclusion References
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Cancer Treatment
Bioheat Transfer
Cancer Therapy
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of iron oxide/magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH) and 915 MHz microwave hyperthermia at the same thermal dose in a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma model. Materials and methods: A thermal dose equivalent to 60 min at 43 °C (CEM60) was delivered to a syngeneic mouse mammary adenocarcinoma flank tumour (MTGB) via mNPH or locally delivered 915 MHz microwaves. mNPH was generated with ferromagnetic, hydroxyethyl starch-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Following mNP delivery, the mouse/tumour was exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The microwave hyperthermia treatment was delivered by a 915 MHz microwave surface applicator. Time required for the tumour to reach three times the treatment volume was used as the primary study endpoint. Acute pathological effects of the treatments were determined using conventional histopathological techniques. Results: Locally delivered mNPH resulted in a modest improvement in treatment efficacy as compared to microwave hyperthermia (p = 0.09) when prescribed to the same thermal dose. Tumours treated with mNPH also demonstrated reduced peritumoral normal tissue damage. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate similar tumour treatment efficacy when tumour heating is delivered by locally delivered mNPs and 915 MHz microwaves at the same measured thermal dose. However, mNPH treatments did not result in the same type or level of peritumoral damage seen with the microwave hyperthermia treatments. These data suggest that mNP hyperthermia is capable of improving the therapeutic ratio for locally delivered tumour hyperthermia. These results further indicate that this improvement is due to improved heat localisation in the tumour.
Magnetic hyperthermia
Hyperthermia Treatment
Microwave heating
Microwave ablation
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In this paper, we investigated the feasibility and effect of a novel combination therapy of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hyperthermia with anticancer drugs for solid malignancies using doxorubicin-loaded alginate-templated magnetic microcapsules (DAMMs) in an animal liver cancer model. Firstly, DAMMs containing 18 nm gamma-Fe2O3 with doxorubicin (Dox) were synthesized and characterized. Then, the particular behavior of Dox release under external alternating current magnetic filed (ACMF) was tested in vitro. Moreover, to obtain accurate thermotherapy, the dose of DAMMs and temperature rise were computed by Hyperthermia treatment plan (HTP) and a fiber optic temperature sensor (FOTS) was used to monitor the temperature rise during treatments on VX-2 liver tumor-bearing rabbits. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect was studied by histopathological examinations and animal survival. The results showed that ACMF can induce Dox fast release during the treatment and the high MNPs content of DMMAs guaranteed the temperature rise for hyperthermia in tumors. The rabbits bearing VX-2 tumors in the magnetic hyperthermia using DMMAs group gained the most tumor necrosis and survival time. It was indicated that DAMMs-based magnetic hyperthermia could be a feasible and effective remedy which could be targeted at liver tumors by dual effects of hyperthermia and chemotherapy.
Magnetic hyperthermia
Liver tumor
Liver Cancer
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Magnetic hyperthermia
Heat Generation
Cancer Therapy
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Magnetic nanoparticles exposed to alternating magnetic fields have shown a great potential acting as magnetic hyperthermia mediators for cancer treatment. However, a dramatic and unexplained reduction of the nanoparticle magnetic heating efficiency has been evidenced when nanoparticles are located inside cells or tissues. Recent studies suggest the enhancement of nanoparticle clustering and/or immobilization after interaction with cells as possible causes, although a quantitative description of the influence of biological matrices on the magnetic response of magnetic nanoparticles under AC magnetic fields is still lacking. Here, we studied the effect of cell internalization on the dynamical magnetic response of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). AC magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility measurements of two magnetic core sizes (11 and 21 nm) underscored differences in the dynamical magnetic response following cell uptake with effects more pronounced for larger sizes. Two methodologies have been employed for experimentally determining the magnetic heat losses of magnetic nanoparticles inside live cells without risking their viability as well as the suitability of magnetic nanostructures for in vitro hyperthermia studies. Our experimental results—supported by theoretical calculations—reveal that the enhancement of intracellular IONP clustering mainly drives the cell internalization effects rather than intracellular IONP immobilization. Understanding the effects related to the nanoparticle transit into live cells on their magnetic response will allow the design of nanostructures containing magnetic nanoparticles whose dynamical magnetic response will remain invariable in any biological environments, allowing sustained and predictable in vivo heating efficiency.
Iron oxide nanoparticles
Nanotoxicology
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