Landward Transport of Spray Generated from a Wave Absorbing Sea Wall
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A landward transport process of spray generated from a wave absorbing sea wall under a strong wind has been investigated experimentally. Near the wall, the concentration of spray decays exponentially both in the leeward direction and in the upward direction. The profiles are determined by the equilibrium between the advection of spray and the sedimentation. The characteristic quantities on the profiles have been related to the experimental parameters.Keywords:
Sea spray
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
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This study calculated wind speed at the height of 10 m using a disaster prediction model(Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model, FPHLM) that was developed and used in the United States. Using its distributions, a usable information of surface wind was produced for the purpose of disaster prevention when the typhoon attack. The advanced research version of the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) was used in this study, and two domains focusing on South Korea were determined through two-way nesting. A horizontal time series and vertical profile analysis were carried out to examine whether the model provided a resonable simulation, and the meteorological factors, including potential temperature, generally showed the similar distribution with observational data. We determined through comparison of observations that data taken at 700 hPa and used as input data to calculate wind speed at the height of 10 m for the actual terrain was suitable for the simulation. Using these results, the wind speed at the height of 10 m for the actual terrain was calculated and its distributions were shown. Thus, a stronger wind occurred in coastal areas compared to inland areas showing that coastal areas are more vulnerable to strong winds.
Typhoon
Maximum sustained wind
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Based on static sedimentation of sludge, the experimental instrument was improved to simulate dynamic sedimentation of sludge. Results showed that the sludge has good concentration effects when uplifted velocity in sedimentation tube is no more than 5m/h, which has some significance on the design of secondary sedimentation tank and wastewater treatment plants.
Sedimentation
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Horizontal advection has been assumed negligible within the Alaskan Gyre (AG). With the recently available Argo data this assumption can be tested. To estimate advection, the observed heat content (estimated from Argo data) was compared to the expected (based on surface heat fluxes) and the difference between these was defined as advection. Four stations were investigated. Our proxy suggests periods of greater advection than previously estimated. Most periods of strong advection were associated with oceanographic events such as the migration of the North Pacific Current and the passage of eddies. However, there were also periods of significant advection that were not expected, for example a region‐wide event was observed in the winter of 2004–05. These results show that although advection is minimal in the AG, there are periods in which use of 1‐D models for studies of short (monthly) scale processes is questionable.
Argo
Eddy
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In nighttime the importance of advection processes to full carbon balance estimated by micrometeorological methods is pronounced. The vertical advection needs the determination of mean vertical velocity which can be obtained from planar fitting, which is the determination of mean local streamline coordinates based on the statistics of the wind field measured over long periods. We tested the utilization of planar-fitting based vertical advection using long-term eddy covariance and CO2 concentration gradient data at SMEAR II field station (Hyytiålå, Southern Finland). The vertical-advection corrected carbon balance, without any friction velocity filtering, agrees very well with those obtained by filtering and gap-filling procedure, and those by chambers and ecosystem model. Although no direct measurements for horizontal advection is available, the results indicate minor significance of horizontal advection in the studied cases.
Horizontal and vertical
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Based on the observing data from island station,the characteristics of wind speed in Lian Yun-gang were analyzed and the sub-regions of wind prediction were set up.The result of WRF model showed that the model could resolve the variation trend of wind,speed,but the deviation of the wind speed was high.The results also showed that the model forecasting performance of wind speed was lower for the special geographical region.After the adjustment with the Kalman filter method,the forecasting accuracy of wind speed was improved for the island station and all the other sub-regions.
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A field experiment for snowfall at the coastal area in northern Japan was performed, and chemical components in snow were analyzed. When the synoptic weather pattern is a high pressure in the west and a lowpressure in the east of Japan (WH & EL), it is influenced that the sea-salt concentration in the snow was inproportion to the squares of the wind speed at the sampling site. This relationship offers that the amount ofsea-salt aerosol supplied from sea surface to air mass and finally to the snow depends strongly on the squaresof the friction speed on the sea surface and of the wind speed at the snowfall site.
Sea spray
Prevailing winds
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A study designed different parameter schemes for a weather research and forecasting model to simulate hourly winter and summer wind speed and direction at a wind-farm tower in China. The schemes were found to reproduce the local wind conditions accurately and simulate wind direction very well. The results showed that one scheme performed better for the wind speed and wind direction simulation at 10 and 90 m height in the winter, while another performed better for simulation at 10 m height in the summer. The results for these schemes showed that the correlation coefficients of wind speed and wind direction were 0.75 and 0.62 in winter and 0.55 and 0.44 in summer, respectively. Overall, the parameterised model exhibited better simulation of the wind speed than wind direction, and was better in winter than in summer.
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Abstract Most prior studies on decoupling of a stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer (STBL) are focused on subtropics where cold air advection with moderate strength is dominant. This study expands across a wider spectrum of temperature advection spanning from moderately strong warm air advection to extremely strong cold air advection. A STBL undergoing warm advection is found to be more mixed than a STBL undergoing cold advection. This finding is consistent with the cold advection facilitating turbulent mixing in the boundary layer. When cold advection becomes sufficiently strong (<−5 K/day), the STBL becomes more stably stratified again because of emergence of the cumulus‐coupled STBL regime induced by the “deepening‐warming” mechanism. Such a “deepening‐warming” induced STBL decoupling, however, is still much weaker than that caused by warm advection flows (even weak ones), suggesting that the direction and strength of temperature advection must be considered for any STBL decoupling studies.
Decoupling (probability)
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