Multiple Drug Resistant Isolates of Vibrio Carrying the Transferable R Plasmid from Shrimp Farms in Thailand
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One thousand forty-nine bacterial isolates, which were collected from shrimp farms in Thailand, were resistant to antimicrobial agents: ampicillin (ABPC), chloramphenicol (CP), kanamycin (KM), oxolinic acid (OA), streptomycin (SM) and tetracycline (TC). One hundred forty-two isolates were identified as Vibrio. These isolates were conjugated with Escherichia coli for detection of transferable R plasmid. Six patterns of transferable R plasmids, which encoded resistance to the combinations of one to five drugs (ABPC, CP, SM, sulfamonomethoxine, TC and trimethoprim), were found from 16 drug-resistant isolates of Vibrio. This is the first report of transferable R plasmids from Vibrio spp. in shrimp farms in Thailand.Keywords:
Kanamycin
Oxolinic acid
Bacterial susceptibility to a new organic acid related to nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid was tested. The in vitro susceptibility pattern of the new compound was found to be very similar to that of nalidixic acid.
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Cinoxacin and nalidixic acid were found to be similar in in vitro activity against 138 Shigella isolates and somewhat less active than oxolinic acid on a weight basis. Cross-resistance developed when 10 shigellae were transferred on increasing amounts of the respective agent contained in Mueller-Hinton agar. Plate dilution studies of the effect of changes in agar pH on the minimum inhibitory concentration revealed that the antibacterial activity increased with decreasing pH. Protein binding investigations revealed a high degree of binding, with nalidixic acid > oxolinic acid > cinoxacin.
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The in vitro activity of the new antibacterial agent, flumequine, against Escherichia coli was compared with those of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. As judged by turbidimetric criteria, flumequine was considerably more active than nalidixic acid and slightly less active than oxolinic acid against both nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant strains. Resistance to all three drugs could be easily induced in vitro. The comparative efficacy of flumequine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid was also tested in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis. In this system, suppression of bacterial growth was obtained with markedly lower concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid than of nalidixic acid, but prevention of the emergence of bacterial populations that exhibited increased resistance to these compounds depended on the maintenance of adequate drug levels.
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The effects two organic acid antimicrobials, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, were compared in vitro and in patients with chronic bacteriuria. Oxolinic acid was found to be more active in inhibiting Enterobacteriaceae, whereas neither agent was very effective against strains of Pseudomonas. Both nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid appeared less active when tested against a higher inoculum of bacterial cells. This difference was more pronounced with nalidixic acid and was most marked when tested in liquid medium. The results of a controlled clinical trial in 54 patients demonstrated that treatment with 2 g/day oxolinic acid was associated with less emergence of resistance during therapy than was the case with 4 g/day nalidixic acid. Although the relative role of these agents in the treatment of chronic bacteriuria remains uncertain, it appears that oxolinic acid, because of its decreased tendency to evoke highly resistant mutants, has distinct potential advantages over nalidixic acid.
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Oxolinic acid, a quinolone antibacterial agent, inhibits reversibly the ATP-dependent replicative DNA synthesis in permeable cell systems as well as in cellophane disk lysates. It is about 10-fold more active than the structurally related nalidixic acid. Both drugs have no effect on the ATP-independent DNA repair, but interfere to some extent with RNA synthesis in permeable cells. They appear to interact with the same target since spontaneous nalidixic-acid-resistant mutants of nalA phenotype are also resistant to oxolinic acid. Full sensitivity to oxolinic acid can be conferred to lysates from resistant cells by addition of extracts from sensitive cells.
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1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarbo xylic acid (Norfloxacin, MK-0366), a new nalidixic acid analog was shown to be significantly more active against Enterobacteriaceae than nalidixic acid and cinoxacin and about four times as active as oxolinic acid. The compound was highly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml). In contrast to the other compounds, norfloxacin inhibited group B and D streptococci, whereas against staphylococci, both norfloxacin and oxolinic acid were shown to be active. The new compound proved to be bactericidal at minimum inhibitory concentrations. Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of various species were less sensitive to norfloxacin than nalidixic acid-sensitive bacteria, although the MICs for these strains remained well within therapeutically obtainable levels. Variants with decreased sensitivity could easily be obtained in vitro with all compounds; however, high-level resistance was not observed with norfloxacin in contrast to the other three compounds.
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