Recent Biochemical and Hormonal Studies on Ketosis
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Ketosis
Volatile fatty acids
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BY KETOSIS we understand the occurrence or accumulation in the blood in significant amounts of the so-called ketone bodies, namely beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic (or diacetic) acid and, secondarily, acetone. In normal subjects on a general diet ketone bodies are present in the blood in inconsiderable amounts (Barnes and Wick, 1939). They appear in largest quantities in cases of severe diabetes and with normal subjects only when fasting or when the food carbohydrate is greatly restricted. Hirschfeld in 1895 (42) first showed that the factor common to these conditions and responsible for the ketosis is the absence of carbohydrate from the food or, as in the diabetic, from his metabolism. Today there is no question that ketosis is due to carbohydrate lack. Our ideas of how carbohydrate lack produces a ketosis have undergone many alterations. The old idea, first advanced by Geelmuyden in 1909 (39), that the ketone bodies represented incomplete oxidation products of the fatty acids which required the concomitant oxidation of carbohydrate metabolites for their utilization gained many adherents (93, 100, 94, 51) and the so-called ‘ketogenic-antiketogenic’ ratio (Shaffer, 1923) which implied a quantitative relationship between the oxidation of ketone bodies and glucose became widely accepted.
Ketosis
Ketogenic Diet
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Ketosis
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The effect of ketosis on carbohydrate metabolism has been studied by the use of the glucose tolerance tests. Many have studied the immediate results of ketosis, but few have considered the period following it. To ascertain this after-effect, it was necessary to study the two preceding periods; first, before the onset of ketosis; second, during the ketosis. Two groups of children were investigated; first, children who developed ketosis on a ketogenic diet; second, children who were admitted to the hospital in a state of ketosis following cyclic vomiting. It is difficult to say whether the two forms of ketosis are comparable; certainly, the etiologic factors are so different that we considered it best to study them separately. The first group consisted of nine children, six boys and three girls, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. Eight of these patients were admitted to the pediatric service of Mount Sinai
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Ketogenic Diet
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Everyone is seeking nutritional strategies that might benefit performance. One approach receiving much attention is ketones, or ketosis. Ketones are very simple compounds made of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, and ketosis is a metabolic state whereby the body uses predominantly ketones. Ketosis can be achieved by fasting for longer than 72 hours or by following a very lowcarbohydrate, high-fat diet (ketogenic diet) for several days to weeks. Alternatively, ketone supplements purportedly induce ketosis rapidly and do not require strict adherence to any specific type of diet; however, much of the touted benefits are anecdotal. A potential role for ketosis as a performance enhancer was first introduced in 1983 with the idea that chronic ketosis without caloric restriction could preserve submaximal exercise capability by sparing glycogen or conserving the limited carbohydrate stores. Few human studies on the effects of a ketogenic diet on performance have yielded positive results, and most studies have yielded equivocal or null results, and a few negative results. Many questions about ketones relevant to Special Operations Forces (SOF) remain unanswered. At present, a ketogenic diet and/or a ketone supplement do not appear confer performance benefits for SOF. Instead, Operators should engage with their unit dietitian to develop individualized nutritional strategies based on unique mission requirements. The authors review the concept of a ketogenic diet, describe some potential benefits and risks of ketosis, review the performance literature and how to measure ketone status, and then summarize the landscape in 2017.
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Abstract The incorporation of acetate‐α‐ 14 C in the liver higher fatty acids of normal and ketotic cows has been studied. In vitro incubations with liver slices, obtained by biopsy, showed an inhibited synthesis of these acids in ketotic livers compared with that in normal livers. The inhibition ranged from 18% to 72% in accordance with the intensity of the ketosis.
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Fatty acid synthesis
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In the postpartum period, the energy requirement increases in high yielding dairy cows. According to the negative energy balance (NED) degree, clinical or subclinical ketosis may occur during this period. In this study; The aim was to investigate the prevalence of ketosis in dairy cows in Ardahan Region. The animal material to be used in the study was determined as 200 as a result of statistical analyzes of TUIK data. Animal material was selected from Ardahan city center, Göle, Çıldır, Hanak and Damal districts. The enterprises where, study is carried out are similar in terms of milk yield, management, maintenance and nutrition factors. Blood samples were collected on days 7 and 14 postpartum to determine the prevalence of ketosis. Beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose levels were determined from the obtained samples. Patients with BHB concentration with 1.0<1.4 mmol / L were considered to have subclinical ketosis. Patients with BHB concentration with ≥1.4 mmol / L were considered to have clinical ketosis. The prevalence of clinical ketosis in the postpartum period in Ardahan was 1% (2/200) and the prevalence of subclinical ketosis in Ardahan was 10% (20/200). Blood glucose levels of animals with ketosis were significantly lower than the healthy animals.
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NEFA
Subclinical infection
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Ketosis is a common nutritional metabolic disease in dairy cow.At present the incidence of Ketosis especially sub-clinic Ketosis increased in most cattle farm.This article expatiate the three aspect of ketosis for pathogeny、measure method、Prevention and therapy and want to make people use it as a reference.
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Metabolic disease
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Ketosis, characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk, affects a considerable number of cows immediately after calving. Although much is known about ketosis, dairy cows continue to be affected in every herd world-wide. Cows affected by ketosis are treated with palliative treatments after the disease is diagnosed. This is a very expensive approach and costs the dairy industry extra expenses, contributing to lower profitability of dairy herds. In this review article, we summarize the mainstream view on ketosis, classification of ketosis into three types, current diagnostic approaches to ketosis, and the economic impact of ketosis on dairy farms. Additionally, we discuss the most recent applications of the new ‘omics’ science of metabolomics in studying the etiopathology of ketosis as well as its contribution in identification of novel screening or diagnostic biomarkers of ketosis.
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