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    Inflammatory responses following direct injection of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle
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    Effective delivery of therapeutic genes to target cells is an essential goal of all innovative gene therapy endeavours and recombinant vaccine technology. Current use of viral vectors in achieving this goal has been associated with minimal success and plethora of unwanted adverse events. As a result, there is an ongoing search for suitable vector platforms for the delivery of therapeutic genes to target cells. Such agent should be easily manipulated to accommodate small and large gene inserts and safely deliver Transgenes. This will ensure effective expression of the gene in target cells. The resulting optimal expression of this gene may correct defective or deficient gene in individuals receiving gene therapy. This chapter examines the applications of biopolymers as non-viral gene delivery vectors either alone or as copolymers.
    Gene therapy is an emerging technique with widespread applications in treatment of cardiovascular diseases, monogenic disorder, infectious diseases, and especially cancers. The major challenge for gene therapy is to deliver therapeutic genes to target tissues. Although various gene delivery vectors such as harmless viruses and micro/nano-particles have been developed (i.e. commonly system delivery), concerns remain for the transfection efficiency and stability of those working copies in these vectors. Local gene delivery such as intratumoral infusion, electroporation and implants offers significantly enhanced transfection efficiency with decreased toxicity compared to system delivery and has been broadly used in clinics. In this paper, we reviewed the local gene delivery methods and discussed their distinctive advantages and potential challenges in cancer treatment. Keywords: cancer therapy, drug-eluting implants, electrogene, intratumoral, local gene therapy, magnetic, tumor-tropism delivery, ultrasound, radiotherapy, nano/microparticles
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    Gene Therapy for Inherited Genetic Disease Possibilities and Problems C. Coutelle. Gene Delivery and Therapy: The Case for Cystic Fibrosis E.W.F.W. Alton. Immune Responses with Direct Gene Transfer: DNA Vaccines and Implications for Gene Therapy H.L. Davis. Oligonucleotides: Molecular Versions for Optimal Use In Vivo E. Saison-Behmoaras, et al. Retrovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy: Targeting to Specific Cells A.J. Kingsman, et al. Adenovirus as Vectors for Gene Therapy M.G. Lee. Receptor-mediated Gene Delivery with Synthetic Virus-Like Particles E. Wagner, et al. Controllable Gene Therapy-Recent Advances in Non-Viral Gene Delivery A. Rolland. Genetic Chemistry: Towards Non-Enzymatic Ligation. Sequence-Selective Recognition of DNA and Self-Assembling Systems for Gene Delivery J.-P. Behr. Integrin-Mediated Gene Delivery S.L. Hart, et al. Design, Synthesis and Cellular Delivery of Antibody Targeted, Radiolabelled Oligonucleotide Conjugates for Cancer Therapy C.S.R. Gooden, A.A. Epenetos. 7 Additional Articles. Index.
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    It is extremely important to establish and develop a safe and efficient delivery system for the gene therapy. Although the virus vectors have been used for hundreds clinical trials of gene therapy, their safety remains uncertain. Recently, more nonviral delivery systems for gene transfer have been developed and used widely. This review discussed some of the novel gene delivery systems, which are being used in our laboratory including transduction peptides, in vivo DNA electrotransfer and chitosan as DNA delivery vector
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