Codling Moth: Effects of Releasing Irradiated Mixed Sexes or Females or Males Only on Reproductive Potential of a Native Population1
11
Citation
0
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Separate releases of sterile Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) were made throughout the growing season of 1973 in three 31-acre blocks (separated by 500 ft) of a large commercial orchard in the Wenas Valley, WA. Releases consisted of males and females irradiated with 25 krad, females only irradiated with 15 krad, and males only irradiated with 25 krad. A 35-acre control block that was treated with standard applications of insecticide was used as a control. Infestations in each release area during the season and at harvesttime were compared with conservative estimates of infestations projected in the absence of control. These comparisons showed the area treated with insecticide with a theoretically calculated 99.7% suppression of the population vs. 91.5, 89.7, and 88.5% suppression due to releases of males and females, females only, and males only, respectively. When the infestations in 1972 were compared with those in 1973, there was a net of 69 and 27% less damaged fruit in the areas treated with releases of females only and mixed sexes, respectively, and a 100% increase in damaged fruit in the area treated with releases of males only.Keywords:
Codling moth
Orchard
Endrin
Abstract Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of water/acre to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in 2 orchards: (1) ‘Idared’ trees (Brown orchard), which were about 15 years old, 12 ft high, and planted 19 by 27 ft apart and ‘Delicious’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were about 8 ft high and planted 11 X 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard.
Orchard
Sprayer
Cite
Citations (2)
Different workers from time to time advocated different formulations of insecticides against mango leaf hoppers. An attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticides against this pest. The authors have tried in their control experiments for two seasons (1958-59; 1959-'60) four insecticides, viz., DDT 50% W. P., BHC 50% W. P., Parathion (Ekatox 20% W. P.) and Endrin 20% E. The general belief of the workers in the use of Parathion is not favourable because it being a phosphatic compound is toxic to the operators and the workers engaged in the orchards. However, this fear seems to be baseless as the concentrations used are very light. What is required is a little care while spraying. It was successfully sprayed on the orchards without any adverse effects on the persons concerned. The purpose of using Endrin for jassids was simply to assess its efficacy as it is usually considered to be a good insecticide for controlling immature stages of insects. BHC also was tried for comparing its efficacy with the other insecticides mentioned in the above para.
Endrin
Parathion
Cite
Citations (1)
Abstract Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), control by sterile insect release (SIR) was assessed in 320–526 ha of apples and pears in the Similkameen Valley, B.C., from 1976 to 1978. In preparation for SIR, the moth population was first reduced to low numbers by removal of neglected trees in 1972 and by chemical sprays in 1975. Sterile (35 krad) male and female moths were released in each orchard 2 or 3 times weekly from 1 May until early September. A total of 23,600 sterile moths/ha was released in 1976, 36,500 in 1977, and 31,800 in 1978. Populations of sterile (marked) and wild moths were monitored by sex pheromone traps, and damage was assessed by fruit examination at harvest. Control was very good except for a few orchards in which overwintered populations were too high to achieve adequate overflooding with sterile moths. Damage exceeded the economic threshold (0.5%) in only 1 of 86 treated orchards in 1976, in 6 of 193 orchards in 1977, and in 0 of 157 orchards in 1978. Results in 32 orchards showed that when wild populations are brought close to extinction all codling moth control measures can be omitted for 2 or more years depending on degree of orchard isolation. Omission of codling moth sprays from 1976 to 1978 did not result in any important change in population levels of other apple pests. Cost of control by SIR was ca. $225/ha per year vs. ca. $95 for chemical control.
Codling moth
Orchard
Sterile Insect Technique
Pome
Pheromone trap
Cite
Citations (51)
DIFFERENCES IN THE LIFE HISTORY OF CODLING MOTH, CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA (L.), ATTACKING PEAR AND APPLE
For several years experiments on codling moth control have been carried on in a large old pear orchard near Beamsville in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario. This orchard comprises about nine acres of several varieties but predominantly Bartlett, and has been established for about 80 years. It is more or less isolated from other large pear or apple orchards.
Codling moth
Orchard
Pome
Cite
Citations (3)
A topical application technique was used to evaluate dosage-mortality responses of a tachinid parasite, Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend), to 6 insecticides. Males were significantly more susceptible to azinphosmethyl than were mated females. Differences in LD50S between males and unmated females and between unmated and mated females were not significant. Furthermore, the response to this insecticide by 2- and 6-day-old parasites was not significantly different. Monocrotophos and diazinon were the most toxic compounds applied to 6-day-old males and mated females, followed by carbofuran and endrin, while azinphosmethyl and carbaryl were the least toxic. Males from a Louisiana population were significantly more susceptible to topical applications of endrin and azinphosmethyl than were males of the same age from a Trinidad population. No significant difference was detected in susceptibility to endrin between 6-day-old mated females from a Louisiana population and a Trinidad population. However, females from the Louisiana population were significantly more susceptible to azinphosmethyl than were comparable females from the Trinidad population.
Endrin
Monocrotophos
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Endosulfan
Cite
Citations (4)
During 2018 and 2019 in the IPM apple orchard Obreska (County of Zagreb) suppression terms of the codling moth were investigated. Pheromone traps were placed on three locations (T 1/6, T 3/3 and T 4/3) to monitor the flight of pest in the orchard. The suppresion terms of codling moth were determined bassed on the degree days. The results of the research showed that the pest on some locations (T 3/3 and T 4/3) developed in critical populations that could cause economic damage in the production of apples and should be suppressed. During the years 2018 and 2019, the pest had to be suppressed on average once or twice during the growing season, which was done in practice. In the orchard Obreska, the pest control is based on the principles of integrated protection, which gives the producer multiple economic and environmental benefits. Less insecticides are used in production, which ultimately affects production quality, human health and the environment.
Codling moth
Orchard
Pheromone trap
Cite
Citations (0)
Codling moth
Orchard
Pome
Pheromone trap
Sterile Insect Technique
Cite
Citations (34)
A laboratory experiment was conducted in 1960 comparing the toxicity of parathion, Diazinon® (O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate), endrin, malathion, dieldrin and DDT to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae—Coleoptera), a storage pest. The insecticides were formulated in the laboratory from the technical grades and used in the form of emulsion. Benzene and Triton X-100 were used as solvent and emulsifier, respectively, and their proportion in the final formulation being kept as 5% w/v of the solvent and 0.625% w/v of the emulsifier. Approximately 5,000 adult beetles reared in the laboratory were kept in petri dishes and were sprayed directly under Potter's tower. Observations on mortality were recorded 72 hours after spraying. When the values of L.C.50 were taken into consideration the order of toxicity of different insecticides were: parathion>Diazinon >endrin>malathion>dieldrin>DDT. Thus parathion, Diazinon, endrin, malathion and dieldrin were found to be more toxic than DDT, i.e., 84.1, 62.4, 17.3, 14.8 and 2.3 times, respectively, as toxic as DDT.
Endrin
Parathion
Aldrin
Parathion methyl
Coumaphos
Cite
Citations (2)
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effects of several insecticides against two species of cockroaches, Blattella germanica L. and Periplaneta japonica K.. The result are summarized of follows : Topical application method : By the application of 18μg per roach of the toxicants allethrin, DDVP, γ-60% BHC and diazinon, gave higher knockdown effcets than lindane and malathion. Those of dieldrin, aldrin and endrin were inferior to the above insecticides. Crude DDT and p-p' DDT caused no knockdown effect for five hours after treatment. However, in the mortality after 24 hours, dieldrin aldrin, endrin, allethrin and DDVP were almost at the same level and were more effective than the other chemicals. Similar results were obtained by treatment with 1.8μg per roach of toxicants except allethrin, which showed fairly low effect at this doses. Contact method : When Blattella germanica was brought into contact with glass plate of 100cm^2 treated by 0.5cc of 1% aceton solution of the toxicant, the order of knockdown effect was as follows : Allethrin>DDVP>γ-60% BHC>diazinon>lindane, malathion>dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, crude DDT, p-p' DDT. And with filter paper treated by the same amount of toxicant, the order changed as follows : DDVP>γ-60% BHC>allethrin>lindane, diazinon>dieldrin, endrin, crude DDT>malathion, p-p'DDT. During the observations on the mortality at 6 days after the treatments, DDVP, γ-60% BHC, diazinon, lindane and allethrin were only slightly more effective than the other chemicals, and all the chemicals tested showed of mortality over 95%. In the tests on the relationship between the time of exposure and the mortality with different insecticidal residues, dieldrin showed highest effects as 100% kill by 5 minute's exposure, while the similar effects were observed by 1 hour's exposure of diazinon and lindane. DDT was less effective on both B. germanica and P. japonica than the other chemicals through the test method discussed above.
Endrin
Aldrin
Lindane
Toxicant
Cite
Citations (0)
SUMMARY In a 2‐yr study, predators were shown to inflict heavy mortality on the eggs of codling moth, Cydia pomonella , placed in a cider‐apple orchard where no insecticidal sprays were applied. Predatory Heteroptera sucked out 35 and 57 % of the eggs in the 2 yr respectively, and smaller numbers of eggs (16 %) disappeared, probably consumed by earwigs, Forficula auricularia. The potential of these predators for an integrated control system is briefly discussed.
Codling moth
Orchard
Panonychus ulmi
Pome
Cite
Citations (29)