Use of Biomass and Waste for Energy Purposes
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This article focuses on the use of alternative renewable energy sources (waste and biomass) as a full replacement for traditional non-renewable resources. We focus on ways to increase the heating value of the raw materials by drying and pyrolysis, and the possibilities of influencing low heating value of fuels by using pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis generates heat and products, which may be used directly as fuel or after modification as additives for fuels. Pyrolysis is a suitable process for recovery of municipal, biological or contaminated waste. It contributes to a sustainable way of energy production and waste management. Moreover, the production in local conditions from local resources, increases land use, employment in the regions and energy self-sufficiency in the state. With combined production of fuels (pellets, briquettes) from biomass, wastes and pyrolysis products we expect to increase the heating value of well over 20 MJ.kg -1 .Keywords:
Briquette
Heat of combustion
Renewable resource
Renewable Fuels
Torrefaction
Abstract Briquettes are one way to increase the economic value of biomass. Blotong and bagasse are two biomass wastes that can pollute the environment if stored for an extended period of time. This study aimed to determine the effect of torrefaction time on the heating value of briquettes, moisture content, and the number of organic carbons. Blotong and bagasse microwave torrefaction uses 1000 watts of power and time intervals of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes. When the best take for torrefaction between blotong and bagasse with molasses is compared, the result is 1:1:4. Based on the analysis results, the best briquettes produced have a water content of 2.1 percent, a calorific value of 5475.8 cal/gram, and an organic carbon content of 64.75 percent at a time variable of 60 minutes. These results indicate that variations in the torrefaction process time can affect the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. Based on the results obtained, the longer the torrefaction time, the lower the water content in the briquettes. Likewise, the calorific value and carbon content are also getting higher.
Briquette
Torrefaction
Bagasse
Heat of combustion
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Wheat straw briquettes are high performance combustible products obtained by densification from the wheat straw biomass without the use of additional adhesives or additives. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and to detail the physical properties (SR EN ISO / CEI 322 for moisture content by method of drying and weighing, and effective density method according to SR EN ISO / CEI 323: 2005) and calorific properties of these briquettes (high and low calorific value according to ÖNORM M7135 using the XRY-1C / China Calorimeter and ash content according to ASTM D1102-84: 2013 and ISO 18122: 2015) and to make a comparison between these briquettes and other briquettes obtained from wooden biomass. The tested briquettes had a moisture content of 8%, an effective density of 1214 kg/m3, a high calorific value of 17.670 MJ/kg, the low of 17.525 MJ/kg and an ash content of 5.6%. All these values correspond to the permissible limits of the standards in the field. The final conclusion of the paper shows that wheat straw briquettes had physical and calorific properties similar to those of wooden biomass.
Briquette
Heat of combustion
Pellet
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The current research aimed to increase the calorific value of woody cutting waste briquette with paper waste pulp as binder. There were three different binder variation used in this study, they are 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %. To create a briquette, a cylindrical iron mold with diameter of 3.5 cm and height of 3 cm and a hydraulic press with 2 t power were applied. The physical characteristics of the combination woody waste briquette and paper waste pulp, such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and carbon fix were examined using proximate analysis. The calorific value of briquetted fuel was tested by bomb calorimeter. The combustion test was performed to determine the combustion characteristic of briquettes, for example initial ignition time, temperature distribution, and combustion process duration. The general result shows that the calorific value of briquette stood in the range of 4 876 kCal kg –1 to 4 993 kCal kg –1 . The maximum moisture content of briquette was 5.32 %. The longest burning time was 105 min.
Briquette
Heat of combustion
Torrefaction
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Torrefaction
Heat of combustion
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Torrefaction
Briquette
Heat of combustion
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The physical properties of briquettes made from rice husk and coconut shell in different ratios were evaluated based on their thermo-physical properties. The calculated calorific values of the rice husk and coconuts hell are 16.51 MJ/kg and 18.60 MJ/kg, with densities of 1.50 g/cm3 and 3.00 g/cm3, respectively. Coconut shell has lower moisture and ash content of 10% and 26%, respectively, before briquetting. Comparisons of the experimental and calculated calorific values of the briquettes (17 to 21 MJ/kg) showed that they are in agreement with those of the American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) and those reported in the literature. The results further showed that the calorific values of the five briquette ratios were not a function of their moisture and ash contents, rather their total carbon contents. The briquette at the ratio 90:10 of rice husk to coconut shell has the highest calorific value and implies that it has more heating advantages and will therefore be suitable as an alternative solid fuel.
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Husk
Heat of combustion
Solid fuel
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This study investigated the energy potentials of briquettes made from maize residues (cobs, husks and stalks) and sawmills residues (sawdust, wood shavings and wood chips). These residues were collected from a farm and sawmill located in Epe, Lagos State. They were burnt and converted to briquettes using a cylindrical mould (70 x 100 mm) for maize residues and a rectangular mould (30 x70 x100 mm) for sawmill residues. They were subjected to proximate, elemental and chemical analyses using American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standards. Maize residues briquette had moisture content (11%), volatile matter content (9.6%), ash content (12.6%), density (287.1 kg/m3) and calorific value (2899.7 Kcal/kg). Sawmill residues briquette had moisture content (12.6%), volatile matter (15.8%), ash content (14.8%), density (332.4 kg/m3) and calorific value (3259 Kcal/kg). The Fuel Value Index of maize residues briquette was 207.3 and sawmill residues briquette was 197.3. A t-test statistical tool was used to determine whether there was a significant difference between the two samples. The absolute t value calculated (=0.0966) was less than the tabulated value (2.074) for equality of energy potentials. This revealed that energy properties of briquettes produced from maize and sawmill residues is not significantly different. Hence, both briquettes would be good sources of domestic energy.
Keywords: Briquette, Biomass, Energy Potentials, Maize Residues, Sawmill Residues
Briquette
Heat of combustion
Sawdust
Husk
Energy density
Proximate
Torrefaction
Residue (chemistry)
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Energy value of biomass materials can be enhanced through composition, densification and process parameter manipulation. In this study, biomass briquettes of bush mango shell (BMS) and palm pressed fibre (PPF) compositions were evaluated and its calorific values optimized. The effects of biomass concentration, dwelling/compaction time and compression pressure on calorific value were investigated for briquette samples in the compositions of BMS: PPF ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) as sample A, B, C, D and E respectively. An empirical prediction model of the combustion property of the briquettes was developed and optimized using response surface methodology. It was observed across the samples that as bush mango shell composition increased, the calorific value improved significantly from 12.4kJ/kg to 18.65kJ/kg. Increase in dwelling time and pressure also showed slight increase in calorific value of the briquette samples. An optimum calorific value of 19.03 kJ/kg for briquette sample B (75:25 biomass ratio) was realized at dwelling time of 40 minutes and pressure of 25MPa as adequately predicted by a reduced second order model. The model prediction accuracy was over 98% (Pred. R2 of 0.9858) with Coefficient of Variance of 0.64% and Adeq. Precision value of 63.936. Thus, Sample B briquettes possess improved combustion properties with burning rate of 0.472g/min at optimum conditions hence suitable for adoption by investors in renewable energy sector.
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Heat of combustion
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Physical and thermal properties of briquettes produced by recycling charcoal dust under different processing conditions have been reported in this study. The main aim was to investigate the effects of the binder and processing conditions on the properties of briquettes. The effect of adding molasses binder on combustion properties of the briquette was first assessed. Then by fitting experimental data, mathematical models to predict gross calorific value, ash content, moisture content, relaxed density and shatter index with respect to binder mass fraction, drying temperature and compaction pressure were developed. All briquettes properties were predominantly affected by amount of molasses used. Molasses mass fraction increment in briquette results in significant increment in ash content, moisture content, relaxed density and shatter index and significant reduction in gross calorific value. Drying temperature did not have major influence on briquette properties except moisture content. Compaction pressure (50–150 MPa) used in this study had negligible influences on all briquette properties. Therefore, such high pressure which involves energy consumption is not necessary during production of charcoal dust briquettes. Optimized values of gross calorific value and shatter index were 29.031 MJ/kg and 80.363%, respectively, for 50 MPa compaction pressure, 29.512 °C drying temperature and 10% molasses mass ratio.
Briquette
Heat of combustion
Charcoal
Mass fraction
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