Thrust Modulation in a Nitrous Oxide/Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Hybrid Rocket Motor
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Keywords:
Nitrous oxide
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Modulation (music)
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Molar mass distribution
Elongation
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Abstract This paper presents a review of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene telechelic polymer (HTPB) with emphasis on its preparation, properties, end group modifications, hydrogenation, role as polyurethane precursors and binders for solid rocket propellants.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Telechelic polymer
Rocket propellant
Solid-fuel rocket
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접착제나 추진제 등 다양한 산업분야에 사용되는 HTPB(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) 기반 복합소재에 대하여 저장환경을 고려하여 온도와 습도 조건에 대한 노화 물성을 평가하였다. MIL-STD-810G를 참고하여 상온(23°C), 45°C, 64°C에서 확산 실험과 각 온도 조건에 상대습도를 변화시켜서 노화시킨 후 인장시험을 하였다. 그 후 FT-IR과 XPS 분석을 통해 열화도를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 온도가 증가할수록 수분의 확산계수가 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한, 고온 환경에서 강성이 증가함을 보였으며, 특히 고습 환경에서 기계적 물성의 급격한 감소를 확인하였다. 습도와 온도 조건에 의한 노화 현상으로 HTPB 기반 복합소재의 물성 저하를 통해 자연환경에서 저장 시 수분의 확산과 온도에 의한 산화 현상에 의해 최종 제품의 성능에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Characterization
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Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
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Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Plasticizer
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Propellants have found applications in many industries.They play an important role primarily in the armaments and space industries.Research and development of propellant technology has been ongoing for many years.The present authors have turned their attention to the aspect of compatibility of new components with isocyanates.As a result of the search for a solution to combine existing binders with new components, they propose using hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) derivatives as the main binder components.In this way, the basic parameters of the HTPB binder, such as glass transition temperature, and compatibility with the solid components of propellants are retained.The use of an isocyanate-free binder system opens up possibilities for the use of new isocyanatesensitive components.The authors have used two HTPB derivatives to create a new binder system.The combination of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and epoxidised HTPB, called EHTPB, allowed the elimination of isocyanates and the retention of good physicochemical properties of the binder.Here they present the method of synthesis of the components, the proportions of polymer and curing agent, and the pot-life.Heterogenic propellants based on CTPB, EHTPB, and ammonium perchlorate (AP) were prepared and the feasibility of such a system was confirmed.A study of the physical and chemical properties of
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Isocyanate
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Polyurethane binder systems based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) possess several superior properties such as superior adhesion, high solid-loading capacity, outstanding mechanical performance, etc. They have been widely used in coatings and adhesives as well as in medical and military industries. The cure reaction between hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and diisocyanates plays a key role in the properties of final products as well as the adjustment of process parameters. FT-IR spectroscopy is applied to investigate the kinetics of the curing reaction of HTPB and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) in the presence of a low toxic and low viscosity catalyst, stannous isooctoate (TECH). The concentrations of the isocyanate groups (NCO) characterized by FT-IR during the cure reaction with respect to time were recorded at different temperatures and at constant stoichiometric ratio Rn[NCO]/n[OH] = 1.0. The kinetic parameters, i.e., activation energy (Ea), pre-exponential factor (A), activation enthalpy (ΔH) and activation entropy (ΔS) were determined. In addition, the curing process and mechanism of the HTPB-IPDI reaction are discussed.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
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When attaching 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in the hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene backbone, a new energetic prepolymer will be formed without destroying the physicochemical properties, fluidity, and microstructure of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene. This paper discusses a new composite propellant based on hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene–1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene binder. This solid propellant has been formulated and characterized. The results have shown a 35% increase in burning rate and density. In addition, they exhibited good mechanical and rheological properties over a wide range of temperatures (similar to hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene propellant). Based on the experiments carried out, this prepolymer seems promising as an energetic binder to increase the density-specific impulse for solid propellants and to substitute for both hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene and for recent energetic binders.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Prepolymer
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Abstract Hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene (HTPB) Arco‐R45M® obtained by free‐radical‐initiated polymerization of butadiene was fractionated by preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using styragel and silicagel as column material. The fractions separated were extensively studied by vapour pressure osmometry (VPO), GPC, and 1 H NMR. Commercially available non‐hydroxylated polystyrene and polybutadiene standards cannot be utilized for the proper direct determination of the molecular weight of HTPB by means of GPC. Both high and low hydroxyl functionalities were found for high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight HTPB. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the polymerization mechanism.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Osmometer
Gel permeation chromatography
Molar mass distribution
Polystyrene
Vapor pressure osmometry
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This paper presents an overview of a modified composite propellant formulation to meet future requirements. The composite propellant mixtures were prepared using nitro functionalized Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (Nitro-HTPB) as a novel energetic binder and addition of energetic plasticizer. The new propellant formulation was characterized and tested. It was found that the Nitro-HTPB propellant with and without energetic plasticizer exhibited high solid loading, high density, and reasonable mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures. It was shown that the burning rate of Nitro-HTPB propellant is up to 40% faster than that of the HTPB propellant. These results are encouraging and suggest that it should be possible to improve the ballistic performance of popular HTPB propellants through use of the studied Nitro-HTPB binder.
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Plasticizer
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