Improving Phosphorus Availability in Soybean Meal for Broilers by Supplemental Phytase
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A 21-d experiment was conducted with day-old male broilers (n = 840) to evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental phytase for improving the availability of phytate P in soybean meal when varying levels of P were fed. The semi-purified basal diet (.18% phytate P) contained soybean meal as the only protein source. Seven levels of phytase (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 U/kg diet) were added to diets formulated to contain .20, .27, or .34% nonphytate P (nP; or .38, .45, and .52% total P, respectively). The desired levels of nP in the three basal P diets were achieved by adding varying amounts of defluorinated phosphate. A 2:1 Ca:total P ratio was maintained in all diets. Body weight gains and feed intake were improved (P < .001) by phytase at all nP levels, but the magnitude of response was greatest at low nP levels, resulting in an nP by phytase interaction (P < .01). Gain:feed was unaffected by phytase addition. A high mortality (35 to 45%) was observed for the .20 and .27% nP diets without added phytase, but this declined to normal levels with the addition of 200 to 400 U phytase/kg diet. Ash percentage of toes and tibia and shear force and stress of tibia increased with added phytase. These responses clearly show that the phytate-bound P in soybean meal was made more available to broilers by microbial phytase, and the total response was related to the phytase and nP/total P levels. Based on the high R2 values for the second order translog equations, BW gain, feed intake, and toe ash percentage were the most sensitive indicators to assess P availability, followed by tibia force and ash percentage. Derived nonlinear and linear equations for BW gain and toe ash percentage at the two lower nP levels were used to calculate P equivalency values of phytase for inorganic P. Using the average function of P released (Y) by microbial phytase (X) derived with nP levels of .20 and .27% for BW gain and toe ash percentage, Y = 1.120 − 1.102e−.0027X, 1 g of P could be released with 821 U of phytase. The amount of P released increased with increasing levels of phytase, but the amount of P released per 100 U of phytase decreased. Released P ranged from 31 to 58% of phytate P for 250 to 1,000 U of phytase/kg of diet.Keywords:
Phytase
Four experiments involving 225 pigs were conducted to assess the efficacy of a microbial phytase (FINASE, Alko Ltd. Biotechnology, Rajamäki, Finland) produced by Aspergillus niger in corn-soybean meal or dextrose-cornstarch-soybean meal-based diets. In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs, fortified corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to be adequate (.50%) or inadequate (.40 or .30%) in P during the growing phase followed by adequate (.40%) or inadequate (.30%) P in the finishing phase. Mono-dicalcium phosphate was the source of supplemental P. Half the diets were supplemented with phytase (500 phytase units/g). Rate and efficiency of gain and bone breaking strength were decreased when P-deficient diets were fed. Phytase supplementation of the low-P diets restored growth rate and feed:gain to levels that approached those of pigs fed the adequate-P control diet. Bone strength was partially restored to that of the controls. In two additional experiments, pigs were fed low-P basal diets in which all the dietary P came from soybean meal or a corn-soybean meal blend. Both diets contained .05% available P. Graded levels of monosodium phosphate were added to these diets, up to .15% added P, to establish a standard curve. Phytase was added to the basal diet at 250, 500, or 1,000 units/g. Growth rate and bone strength improved linearly (P < .01) with added monosodium phosphate and with increasing levels of supplemental phytase. Based on estimates of total and available P intakes, the highest level of phytase (1,000 units/g) increased the bioavailability of the P from 25% in the soybean meal diet to 57% in the phytase-supplemented diet, and from 15% in the corn-soybean diet to 43% in the phytase-supplemented diet. Expressed on the basis of the improvement in phytate P availability, this level of phytase converted approximately one-third of the unavailable P to an available form. The results indicate that the phytase was efficacious in improving the bioavailability of phytate P for pigs.
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Soybean meal (SBM) is the main protein supplement used in animal feed worldwide. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of SBM treated with two enzymes viz. phytase and arazyme was investigated for the first time in this study. The DH of SBM in the treatment with arazyme increased significantly as compared to the control without enzyme application. About 1.5-times and 10-fold higher DH were observed in phytase treatment when compared to the control treatments containing no enzyme. At the end of 24 h, enzymatic hydrolysis was done through consecutive treatment with 0.5% (w/v) phytase and 0.02% (w/v) arazyme, and the protein in the hydrolysate were mostly degraded free amino acids and peptides (<6 KDa) when SDS-PAGE and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) techniques used. Free amino acids contents of the soybean meal treated with phytase-arazyme increased by 2 to 14 fold as compared to products without enzyme. These results suggested that soybean meal proteins continuously treated with phytase and arazyme can be used as commercial feed additive for accelerated livestock growth. Key words: Soybean meal, phytase, arazyme, hydrolysis.
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An experiment of 42 days with 150 one day-old broiler (Vencobb) chicks was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of different levels of phytase enzyme on tibia characteristics of broilers fed on phosphorus deficient maize-soybean based rations. A total of 150 chicks were grouped into five treatments (two replicates in each treatment), each containing 30 chicks and designated as C, T1, T2, T3 and T4. An experimental ration was formulated containing low available phosphorus (0.28%) than the normal requirement 0.45% as per BIS specifications (2007). Broiler starter and finisher ration contained 21.45 and 19.10 percent crude protein, respectively. Ration containing low available P was fed in control group without any supplementation while, other treatments i.e. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with phytase enzyme at the levels of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 FTU/Kg feed, respectively. It was concluded that phytase supplementation at any level did not have any significant effect on tibia weight and tibial measurements. Significant effect was found on supplementation of phytase at the level of 500FTU/kg phytase or more as compared to rest of groups.
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A 42-day experiment assessed the effects of phytase and a multicarbohydrase complex containing α-galactosidase (CAG) on broiler performance, processing yield, and nutrient digestibility. Exactly 2250-day-old male broilers were distributed in 90 floor pens and assigned to 1 of 9 treatments (10 replicates). A positive control sufficient in phosphorus (PC-P), a PC sufficient in metabolizable energy (PC-E), and a negative control (NC) with less phosphorus, calcium, and metabolizable energy were formulated. Manufactured using the NC, six additional treatments contained 500 or 1500 FTU/kg of phytase combined with 0, 0.1, or 0.2 g/kg of CAG. Broiler performance was determined on days 14, 28, and 42. Nutrient digestibility and processing yield was determined on days 42 and 43, respectively. Day 1–42 FCR was reduced and fillet yield increased when broilers consumed a 0.2 g/kg CAG diet instead of 0.1 g/kg (P < 0.05). Treatments supplemented with phytase alone or combined with CAG had a 42-day BW comparable to the PC-E and were heavier than the NC except for broilers fed 1500 FTU/kg of phytase and 0.1 g/kg of CAG (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation alone or in combination with CAG in nutrient deficient diets can improve broiler growth and nutrient utilization.
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In 2021, in the vivarium of the FNC "VNITIP" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an experiment was conducted on 4 groups of broiler chickens of the SGC "Smena 8" breeding with the use of a mineral supplement in the form of Lasparaginates in the amount of 7.5% of the accepted norms, both with and without phytase. As a result, it was found that Lasparaginates and microbial phytase contributed to the enhancement of biological activity, providing better assimilation of metals. With a low proportion of lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of broiler chickens of all groups, there was a tendency to increase them in the fourth group of birds that received 7.5% of L-asparaginates from the accepted norms in combination with phytase in the diet.phytase in the diet. Among the cellulolytic bacteria in the intestinal microbiome, the highest rates were found in the first and third groups of broilers that received both an inorganic form of mineral supplement in the form of premixes (the first group) and organic, in the form of L-asparaginates in combination with phytase (the third group), which compensated for the low proportion of lactobacilli in the intestines of birds of these groups. The obtained results testified to the positive effect of the studied mineral supplement and phytase on the safety indicators, the live weight of broiler chickens and the microflora of their intestines.
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Single Comb White Leghorn cockerel chickens were able to utilize suboptimal levels of phosphorus in the ration more efficiently than broiler cockerel chickens as measured by growth, livability, and bone calcification. The superiority of the Leghorn-type over the broiler-type in utilizing suboptimal levels of phosphorus was accentuated by high levels of calcium in the ration. Among broiler strains the Athens Canadian Randombred cockerel chicken utilized suboptimal levels of phosphorus more efficiently than the two commercial strains tested. The Single Comb White Leghorn chickens showed higher retention values for calcium, phosphorus, and phytin phosphorus than the broiler strain. High calcium levels in the ration caused a much lower retention of phytin phosphorus by both Single Comb White Leghorn and broiler chickens.
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The effects of pH value and protease in broiler gastro-intestine on Aspergillus niger phytase activity and the ability of phytase to survive in broiler proventriculus,gizzard and small intestine were studied in vitro.The results show that the phytase optimum pH value is 5.5 and is susceptible to broiler gastrointestinal pH and protease.When the phytase incubation at the pH which is higher or lower than its optimum pH5.5,the phytase activities decreased rapidly and most of phytase activity disappeared during 30 min.Following incubation at pH3.0 and pH6.0 in the presence of pepsin and pancreatin respectively,more phytase activity disappeared.Phytase is more susceptible to pancreatin than that to pepsin.42%,40% and 49% of phytase were survived on 14,28 and 42 days broiler proventriculus and gizzard respectively and about 19%of phytase survived in small intestine of broiler in different ages in vitro.The phytase is more stable in proventriculus and gizzard than that in small intestine,where pH and pancreatin is not favor to phytase.The results suggest that phytase is susceptible to pH and protease in broiler gastrointestinal tract,which may be the main reason why only a small part of inorganic P could be replaced by phytase in broiler diet.
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Proventriculus
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Over the last few years in the southeastern U.S. some broiler diets have been supplemented with phytase to improve phosphorus digestibility. Enzymes other than phytase, however, have not been added to broiler diets, in the southeastern U.S., with any consistent results because nutrient availability of corn and soybean meal based broiler diets is high. Moreover, most commercially available enzyme preparations are designed to allow nutritionists to include relatively high-protein grains [i.e., wheat (≈11.0%) and barley (≈11.0%) versus corn (≈8.0%)] in broiler diets. Thus, nutritionists have little experience using enzymes in broiler diets based on corn or sorghum and soybean meal. Two broiler floor-pen experiments were conducted to evaluate postpellet enzyme (KEMZYME C/S for broilers) application to corn and soybean meal diets at different environmental temperatures (warm versus thermoneutral). Growth responses, immunity, and carcass attributes of broilers were measured. The primary active enzyme in the product tested was α-galactosidase, which may improve energy digestibility of soybean meal. Broilers fed diets supplemented with enzyme preparations primarily containing α-galactosidase had improved feed conversion at both environmental temperatures.
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